The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 2: Scenarios for 2030

Matthias, Volker; Aulinger, Armin; Backes, A.; Geyer, Beate; Quante, Markus; Zeretzke, M.

doi:10.5194/acp-16-759-2016

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…They have also shown that the strengthened limit on the fuel S content in 2015 from 1.0 % to 0.10 % brought a significant decrease in emissions as well as contributions of shipping to air pollution by SO2 and to S deposition (maximum contribution about 2 %) and to a reduction of shipping contribution to the concentrations of PM. Aulinger et al (2016) and Matthias et al (2016) studied impacts of the current and future (2030) North Sea shipping on air pollution and found contributions consistent with Jonson et al (2019) (highest NO2 contributions 25 % 130 and 15 % in summer and winter, respectively, ozone increased by 10% along Scandinavian coast). By 2030, the contribution of shipping to the NO2 and O3 concentrations was estimated to increase by more than 20 % and 5 %, respectively, due to the expected enhanced traffic, if no regulation for further emission reductions is implemented in the North Sea area .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part I: 2012 emissions

Tang¹,

Ramacher²,

Moldanová³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Ship emissions in and around ports are of interest for urban air quality management in many harbour cities. We investigated the impact of regional and local ship emissions on urban air quality for 2012-year conditions in the city of 25 Gothenburg, Sweden, the largest cargo port in Scandinavia. In order to assess the effects of ship emissions, a coupled regional and local-scale model system has been set up, using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, as well as in and around the port of Gothenburg. Ship emissions are calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) model taking into account individual vessel characteristics and vessel activity data. The calculated contributions from local and regional shipping to local air pollution in Gothenburg were found substantial, especially in areas around the city ports. The 30 local shipping contribution of NO2 to annual mean concentrations was up to 3.3 ppb, together with contribution from regional shipping at the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, the contribution was up to 4.3 ppb. In an area close to the city terminals, the contribution of NO2 from local shipping was higher than that of the road traffic, which indicates importance of controlling the local shipping emissions. The local shipping emissions of NOx decreased the summer mean O3 levels in the city by 0.5 ppb on annual mean. The regional shipping lead to a slight increase in the O3 concentrations, however, the overall effect of the regional 35 and the local shipping together was a small decrease of the summer mean O3 concentrations in the city. For PM2.5, the local ship emissions contributed with 0.1 µg m -3 to the annual mean concentrations on the city-domain average, regional shipping was under 2012 conditions a larger contributor to the local PM2.5 than the local shipping, with an annual mean contribution of 0.5 µg m -3 on the city-domain average. 40Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean loss of the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of the local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 % which can be compared to 5.3 % contribution from the local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated to shipping were calculated to be 2.6 45 premature deaths/year. The relative contribution of the local and the regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect, leading to negative number of premature deaths. Our study show that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more important than those of local shipping, emphasising that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance level...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part I: 2012 emissions

Tang¹,

Ramacher²,

Moldanová³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…The greatest benefit of an advanced bottom-up approach like the one presented here is the possibility to use it for creating and evaluating sophisticated emission scenarios (Matthias et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic densities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its waterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships contribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of NO x , particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case of particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in regions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify the effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering states, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as accurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North Sea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to thoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served as the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative aspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to calculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of averaged emission factors for the entire range of the engine loads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were derived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System signals together with a database containing the engine characteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in 2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of NO x and SO 2 at high temporal and spatial resolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport model in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant concentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached 540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North Sea -including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5 • W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized industrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative contribution of ships to, for example, NO 2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary pollutant NO − 3 was found to reach 20 % in summer and 6 % in winter even far from the shore.

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“…We apply the MECO(n) (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times; e.g. Kerkweg and Jöckel, 2012b;Mertens et al, 2016) model system together with a detailed source apportionment method (tagging; Grewe et al, 2017). This model system couples, during runtime, the global chemistry-climate model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry; Jöckel et al, 2006Jöckel et al, , 2010 with the regional chemistry-climate model COSMO-CLM/MESSy (Kerkweg and Jöckel, 2012a), which consists of the COSMO-CLM model equipped with the MESSy (Modular Earth Submodel System; Jöckel et al, 2005Jöckel et al, , 2010 infrastructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More details about the MECO(n) model system are presented in a set of publications including a chemical and meteorological evaluation (Kerkweg and Jöckel, 2012a, b;Hofmann et al, 2012;Mertens et al, 2016;and Kerkweg et al, 2018). The set-up of the simulation applied in the present study is very similar to that described by Mertens et al (2016). Therefore, we only present the most important details of the model set-up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EMAC, CM50, and CM12 are running simultaneously in the same way as in externally coupled earth system models, with the different earth compartment models running in parallel (see Fig. 2 in Mertens et al (2016) for the details of the data exchange between the nested model instances). Both COSMO-CLM/MESSy instances use 40 vertical model levels (terrain following) with geometric height as the vertical coordinate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are contributions of emissions to ozone a matter of scale? – a study using MECO(n) (MESSy v2.50)

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Anthropogenic and natural emissions influence the tropospheric ozone budget, thereby affecting air quality and climate. To study the influence of different emission sources on the ozone budget, often source apportionment studies with a tagged tracer approach are performed. Studies investigating air quality issues usually rely on regional models with a fine spatial resolution, while studies focusing on climate-related questions often use coarsely resolved global models. It is well known that simulated ozone mixing ratios depend on the resolution of the model and the resolution of the emission inventory. Whether the contributions simulated using source apportionment approaches also depend on the model resolution, however, is still unclear. Therefore, this study attempts for the first time to analyse the impact of the model, the model resolution, and the emission inventory resolution on simulated ozone contributions using a diagnostic tagging method. The differences in the ozone contributions caused by these factors are compared with differences that arise from the usage of different emission inventories. To do so, we apply the MECO(n) (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times) model system which couples online a global chemistry-climate model with a regional chemistry-climate model equipped with a tagging scheme for source apportionment. The results of the global model (at 300 km horizontal resolution) are compared with the results of the regional model at 50 km (Europe) and 12 km (Germany) resolutions. Besides model-specific differences and biases that are discussed in detail, our results have important implications for other modelling studies and modellers applying source apportionment methods. First, contributions from anthropogenic emissions averaged over the continental scale are quite robust with respect to the model, model resolution, and emission inventory resolution. Second, differences on the regional scale caused by different models and model resolutions can be quite large, and regional models are indispensable for source apportionment studies on the subcontinental scale. Third, contributions from stratospheric ozone transported to the surface differ strongly between the models, mainly caused by differences in the efficiency of the vertical mixing. As stratospheric ozone plays an important role for ground level ozone, but the models show large differences in the amount of downward transported ozone, source apportionment methods should account for this source explicitly to better understand inter-model differences.

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The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 2: Scenarios for 2030

Cited by 41 publications

References 18 publications

The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part I: 2012 emissions

The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part I: 2012 emissions

The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations

Are contributions of emissions to ozone a matter of scale? – a study using MECO(n) (MESSy v2.50)

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