The technological innovation capability of enterprise can be regarded as the synthesis of the internal conditions for an enterprise to implement the technological innovation behavior. It is a comprehensive ability system composed of various elements, reflecting the performance of its technological innovation, and is an important reference index to measure the growth potential of an enterprise. In order to clarify what these elements are and how they influence the technological innovation capability of enterprise, this paper does the following work. Based on the technology process theory and technology system theory, 28 elements that could affect the technological innovation capability have been chosen to construct a index system in this paper. Then using the ISM model, the structure, levels and the relationship between the indexes of the index system has been explored to build a hierarchical structure figure. 28 elements could be divided into 4 progressive layers: macro-layer, industrial-layer, enterprise-layer, target-layer. Then the action mechanism of the 4 layers to the technological innovation capability of enterprise has been researched. The results show that macro-layer is the underlying driving force factor, the industrial layer is the pressure factor, and the enterprise-layer is the strategic factor.