The Impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic on Substance Use in the United States

Ross, Jennifer A.; Malone, Patrice; Levy, Sharon

doi:10.1093/cid/ciac311

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In addition to the direct pathology of COVID-19, long-term stringent lockdown measures might also contribute to the increased prevalence of some COVID-19 risk factors. During lockdown periods, physical activity levels tend to decrease substantially [ 1098 , 1099 ], while the sales [ 1100 ] and consumption [ 1101 ] of alcoholic beverages tend to increase in several populations (e.g., older people, more depressed individuals, and essential workers) [ 1102 ], indicating that drinking might be a coping mechanism for some during social isolation [ 1103 ]. Finally, the economic consequences of the pandemic have negatively impacted the financial situation of hundreds of millions of people worldwide [ 1104 , 1105 ].…”

Section: Interactions Between Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Zsichla

Müller

2023

Viruses

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The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.

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Section: Interactions Between Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Zsichla

Müller

2023

Viruses

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“…Hundreds of millions of individuals, especially elderly without vaccination or with chronic diseases, have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China [ 1 , 2 ]. According to the World Health Organization, 643,875,406 were infected with COVID-19, including 6,630,082 deaths as of 9 December 2022 [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and Efficacy of Paxlovid Against Omicron Variants of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Elderly Patients

et al. 2023

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Introduction Elderly patients are the most affected and vulnerable to COVID-19 and effective therapeutic interventions are urgently required. We clarified the safety and efficacy of Paxlovid in the treatment of elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Patients aged over 60 years and with mild to moderate COVID-19 were admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital MinHang MeiLong Branch, Fudan University and received either Paxlovid treatment or only conventional therapy, between April 1 and May 31, 2022. Viral shedding time, duration of hospital stay, disease progression, and adverse events were analyzed, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to detect the independent high-risk factors for COVID-19 progression in the patients. Results A total of 163 (82 and 81 in the treatment and control groups, respectively) patients had a median age of 82 (71–89) years, and 89.0% had at least one concomitant disease. The duration of hospitalization reduced from 15 to 13 days, and viral shedding time reduced from 20 to 16.5 days after Paxlovid treatment. The differences of these two variables between the groups were significant ( p < 0.01). Moreover, no serious adverse events or obvious changes in laboratory test results were observed in patients treated with Paxlovid. One patient (1.2%) treated with Paxlovid experienced rebound 56 days after negative measurement. Multivariate analysis showed that Paxlovid therapy, age, hemoglobin, and nucleic acid Ct values at admission were independent risk factors for hospitalization within 14 days, and the differences were significant ( p < 0.01). Conclusion The use of Paxlovid in elderly patients may promote recovery from COVID-19 and reduce the viral load without adverse events. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov , ID: ChiCTR2200066990. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-023-00760-x.

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“…Consequently, many individuals used alcohol and other drugs to cope. Numerous studies found that drug use patterns changed as a result of the pandemic and that drug and alcohol use along with increased sales of alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine was found in the US population and beyond (Ross et al 2022 ). Increased substance use is a known risk factor for trauma (Emigh et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use in rural trauma patients admitted for motor vehicle injuries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Rudisill

Steinmetz²,

Bardes³

2023

Inj. Epidemiol.

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Background Urban trauma centers reported increased substance use among individuals injured in motor vehicle collisions (MVC) after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about individuals admitted to rural trauma centers during this time. This study’s purpose was to describe substance use trends before and during the pandemic among individuals injured in MVC and treated at a rural Level-1 trauma center in West Virginia. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed using patients’ medical records. The study population included individuals ≥ 18 years of age who received treatment for a motor vehicle-related injury between September 1, 2018, and September 30, 2021, and were tested for drugs and alcohol upon admittance. The pre-COVID-19 period was defined as September 1, 2018–March 15, 2020. The COVID-19 period was March 16, 2020–September 30, 2021. The primary dependent variable was the patients’ drug test results. The primary independent variable was the time period. The data were analyzed using Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and proportional odds models. Results During this time, 1465 patients received treatment. On average, patients were 45 years ± 20 of age and male (57%). During COVID-19, 17% of patients tested positive for alcohol and 58% tested positive for non-alcohol drugs. After adjusting for patients’ sex and age, the number of drugs that patients tested positive for was 31% higher during COVID-19 (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58). The proportion of patients testing positive for cannabinoids (p = 0.05), opioids (p = 0.001), and stimulants (p = 0.010) increased from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 periods. Conclusions Drug and alcohol use increased among trauma patients admitted to a rural trauma center during COVID-19. Significant increases were seen in the number of drugs and for cannabinoids, opioids, and stimulants.

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The Impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic on Substance Use in the United States

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Safety and Efficacy of Paxlovid Against Omicron Variants of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Elderly Patients

Substance use in rural trauma patients admitted for motor vehicle injuries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

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