The Impact of the Trans-Java Toll Road Development on Spatial Planning in the Northern Region of Java Island: A Study Utilizing NDBI and Google Earth Images

Abstract

The primary objective of toll roads is to stimulate economic growth. As the pivotal road network on Java Island, the Trans-Java Toll Road has a significant impact on regional development and spatial planning. However, there has been a lack of research focusing on the specific influence of this toll road on spatial planning. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively examine the spatial and temporal implications of the Trans-Java Toll Road. To achieve this goal, the Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) method is employed using satellite imagery. This method is widely recognized for its effectiveness in detecting changes in built-up areas through remote sensing techniques. The calculated NDBI values reveal substantial expansion of built-up areas in the cities and regencies traversed by the Trans-Java Toll Road. Notably, two specific areas with the highest rates of change are investigated: Gresik Regency and Bekasi Regency, where the built-up areas have experienced remarkable growth of over 186.9% and 61.8% respectively over a five-year period. To validate these findings, Google Earth imagery is utilized for two different years, namely 2016 and 2021. The observed changes in these regions are predominantly attributed to the economic growth facilitated by the establishment of industrial areas. Consequently, the expansion of industrial zones and settlements has resulted in a notable reduction in wetland areas and a simultaneous increase in built-up areas.

Dynamics and Predictions of Urban Expansion in Java, Indonesia: Continuity and Change in Mega-Urbanization

“…During this timeframe, it is evident that there was an increase in built-up areas and a decrease in rice fields which also can be seen in some previous research [51,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. Rice fields are more susceptible to conversion into built-up areas as they are often located in regions highly coveted for urban development or infrastructure projects [33,63,[69][70][71][72]. Consequently, the economic value of these lands tends to rise, driving the conversion into built-up areas [73].…”

“…It houses 60% of the country's inhabitants [29], about 70% of which are urban residents [30]. Java's centrality has been a direct consequence of the country's imbalance concentration of economic, industrial, and infrastructure development [31][32][33], which has accumulated for a long time, especially before the 2001 decentralization system [31,34], and even since the late Dutch Colonial rule [35][36][37].…”

“…more susceptible to conversion into built-up areas as they are often located in regions highly coveted for urban development or infrastructure projects [33,63,[69][70][71][72]. Consequently, the economic value of these lands tends to rise, driving the conversion into builtup areas [73].…”