The Impact of Virtual Reality on Post-Compulsory Students’ Learning Outcomes: A Review with Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Virtual reality provides learners with an opportunity to run through situations that could not be accessed in the real world, which makes this technology an attractive alternative or a supplement to conventional instruction. This integrative review sought to bring together the impacts of immersive interventions on post-compulsory student learning performance. Nine empirical studies resulted from the screening process on the basis of eligibility criteria. Overall, there was a low to moderate mean effect size using a random-effects model (Hedge’s g = 0.31 [-0.27, 0.90], p = 0.218) for the application of high-immersion activities to education. As in previous reviews on the topic, considerable variance in the effect sizes was detected, thus precluding conclusive statements on the effectiveness of virtual educational simulations for accelerating learning outcomes in post-secondary settings. Some implications of the analysis for the educational practice are provided.

Toward Smart and Immersive Classroom based on AI, VR, and 6G

“…Technology is reshaping the future of education in today's environment of many prospects for innovation by continuously developing new tools and platforms for teaching and learning. Instead of using the virtual world, with virtual reality (VR), students and teachers participate in it [40,50,51].…”

Developing Augmented Reality Learning and Measuring Its Effect on Independent Learning Compared to Traditional Learning

“…In addition, previous research did not build AR applications, while the research in this article builds AR applications. Elmira Daulethanovna Bazhenova et al recapitulated empirical evidence on the effectiveness of VR-based learning for student learning performance [32]. Previous research focused on VR environments, while the research in this article focuses on AR environments other than VR for student learning media.…”

“…In other words, the information presented by the AR system increases human perception to more easily understand the information contained therein. AR is the embodiment of a three-dimensional world using computer technology [32], [33].…”

“…Although relatively many previous studies related to AR, including research by [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [27], [53], [25], [32], and [24], but none of the research objectives are the same and the methods used are the same as this study. In addition, no previous research conducted, compared the results of independent learning with AR media developed on a mobile basis with traditional learning outcomes in AR subjects.…”