The impacts of pill contraceptive low-dose on plasma levels of nitric oxide, homocysteine, and lipid profiles in the exposed vs. non exposed women: as the risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Background: Consuming oral contraceptive pills is one of the methods for preventing pregnancy worldwide. As using the pills has always caused the greatest concern for the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases and also given the limited conducted studies in this regard, this study was carried out to determine the impacts of low dose birth control pills on plasma levels of nitric oxide, homocysteine, and lipid profiles in the exposed vs. non exposed women as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This was a combined cohort study conducted on 100 women, having the age range 20-35 years and normal menstrual cycles, referred to the health care centers in Yazd, Iran. The demographic data were obtained through face to face interviews performed by the researcher. Anthropometric indexes were measured and biochemical factors were determined by testing blood samples. Then, using SPSS 16 and statistical independent ttest and Chi-square, the data were analyzed. Results: The mean ± standard deviations of plasma levels of homocysteine, nitric oxide, cholesterol, triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein, and High Density Lipoprotein levels in the group consumed low dose contraceptive pills were 3.84 ± 2.35 μmol/l, 181.36 ± 90.44 μM, 180.7 ± 38.28 mg/dl, 129.82 ± 47.92 mg/ dl, 101.42 ± 30.66 mg/dl, and 56.46 ± 8.42 mg/dl, There were significant statistical differences between those consuming the pills and those not consuming the pills regarding cholesterol (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Consuming Low Dose contraceptive pills can increase the plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and Low Density Lipoprotein levels; i.e. this condition is called dyslipidemia. On the other hand, there were no changes in the levels of homocysteine and nitric oxide in the healthy women consuming the pills; therefore, the pills may not develop cardiovascular diseases in healthy women. Accordingly, it is recommended that the health care providers prescribe the pills for the women with cautions.

One-carbon metabolism during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

“…In the section "Estrogen and homocysteine" we discuss how estradiol variation during an idealized 28-day menstrual cycle in the mathematical model drives 28-day variation in Hcy. Our model predicts that women using oral contraceptives will have an elevated average Hcy, and this is consistent with experimental findings [18,19]. In the section "Fluctuations in OCM…”

“…Thus the model shows that women using OCP will have higher Hcy on average than women not using OCP and this is borne out by the literature. Fallah et al [18] found an 80% increase in serum Hcy for women using OCPs and Momoni et al [19] found a 17% increase. Neither study controlled when the Hcy was measured for normal women, which as we have seen, makes a difference.…”

Association Between Methylation Levels of LPL, ADRB3 and MTHFR Genes in Leukocytes from Individuals with Isolated or Associated Morbidities and Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Probably these high results in homocysteine did not influence the levels of methylation of the gene as they were homogeneously distributed in the three groups. One of the possible justifications for the group without morbidities to also present an increase in serum homocysteine levels, would be due to the use of birth control medications, the contraceptives [61,62].…”

Efek Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Hormonal Terhadap Tekanan Darah : Scoping Review

“…Sejalan dengan hal tersebut studi di Afrika selatan (A9) juga menunjukkan hasil pada pengguna kontrasepsi oral kombinasi (drospirenone dan etinil estradiol) Catur Setyorini et.al (Efek Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Hormonal Terhadap Tekanan Darah : Scoping Review) Copyright © 2022, Jurnal Kebidanan Indonesia ISSN 2086-5562 (print) | ISSN 2579-7824 (online) cenderung memiliki tekanan darah yang sedikit meningkat, efek yang muncul untuk kedua sistolik dan diastolik adalah 0,57 dan 0,52 (Venter et al, 2021). Berbeda dengan hasil studi cohort pada 100 wanita di Iran usia 20-30 tahun (A7) yang diikuti selama 3 bulan didapatkan hasil tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan mengenai indeks massa tubuh (IMT), rasio pinggang pinggul dan tekanan darah antara kelompok yang menggunakan kontrasepsi oral levonorgestrel (0,13 mg) dan etinil estradiol (0,03 mg) dan yang tidak terpapar (Momeni et al, 2020).…”