The implications and limitations of genetic models of alcoholism and other addictions.

Peele, Stanton

doi:10.15288/jsa.1986.47.63

Cited by 84 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The present article, having to do with genetic sociocultural influences on racial ethnic different alcohol use, is supplementary to that of Peele (1986) Searles (1988), who evaluated the evidence a influences on individual differences in response to and risk for problem drinking within the Caucasian group. These authors also found evidence for genetic involvement to be relatively convincing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asians, Asian-Americans and Alcohol

Johnson

Nagoshi

1990

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Thc association of flushing (vasodilation, reddening of the skin) with the alcohol use of Asians and Asian-Americans is examined. Historical changes in alcohol use, recent secular changes in alcohol use, and marked differences in consumption among Asian populations and among Asian-Americans of the same national origins, as well as the lack of reduction of sex differences among flushers, indicate that flushing has little influence on alcohol consumption. Social, psychological, and cultural influences seem to be more adequate explanatory devices with regard to Oriental alcohol use.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asians, Asian-Americans and Alcohol

Johnson

Nagoshi

1990

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These mechanisms, moreover, seem to be under genetic control and to predispose certain people to develop problems with alcohol (Goodwin, in press;Nathan, 1986), although the role of genetic factors in alcoholism may have been overstated (Peele, 1985a).…”

Section: Historical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A motivational model of alcohol use.

Cox¹,

Klinger²

1988

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

1,194

1,096

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The final, common pathway to alcohol use is motivational. A person decides consciously or unconsciously to consume or not to consume any particular drink of alcohol according to whether or not he or she expects that the positive affective consequences of drinking will outweigh those of not drinking. Various factors (e.g., past experiences with drinking, current life situation) help to form expectations of affective change from drinking, these factors always modulated by a person's neurochemical reactivity to alcohol. Such major influences include the person's current nonchemical incentives and the prospect of acquiring new positive incentives and removing current negative incentives. Our motivational counseling technique uses nonchemical goals and incentives to help the alcoholic develop a satisfying life without the necessity of alcohol. The technique first assesses the alcoholic's motivational structure and then seeks to modify it through a multicomponent counseling procedure. The counseling technique is one example of the heuristic value of the motivational model. This article presents a motivational formulation of alcohol use. The formulation is intended to incorporate advances made in understanding the inheritable constitutional factors (e.g., Goodwin, in press; Schuckit, Li, Cloninger, & Deitrich, 1985) and the appetitive systems (T. B. Baker, Morse, & Sherman, 1987) in alcohol-related behavior, and also the array of other motivational factors that are increasingly recognized to play decisive roles in understanding and treating addictive behavior patterns (e.g., Klinger, 1977;Marlatt & Gordon, 1985;Miller, 1985). The particular benefit of this formulation is to place alcoholic behavior in the context of contemporary theory of motivation and emotion, as they relate both to alcohol use in the narrow sense and to the life context in which the alcoholic continually makes choices between drinking and alternative actions. The formulation thereby suggests additional contributory factors, treatment strategies, and conceptual approaches.Despite the fact that there are multiple factors that influence drinking, the final common pathway to alcohol use is, in our view, motivational. The net motivation to drink, moreover, is closely tied to people's incentives in other life areas and to the affective changes that they derive from their incentives. We begin, therefore, by defining incentive motivation and affective change and showing how these two concepts are related to people's use of alcohol. Incentive MotivationThe term incentive motivation was introduced by Clark L.Hull (1951, 1952) as a theoretical construct to account for the vigor and intensity of behavior. Previously, Hull (1943) had assumed that organisms can perform a learned response to the Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to W. Miles Cox, Psychology Service (116B), VA Medical Center, 1481 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. extent that they have acquired habit strength (the learned association between a stimulus and the ...

show abstract

“…Unfortunately there is an extreme paucity of genetic data on substance abuse (either drug or alcohol) in childhood and adolescence. In adult life, most of the data on alcoholism suggest a significant (but not strong) genetic component (Goedde & Agarwal, 1987;Goodwin, 1983); however, the findings are complex, to some extent contradictory, and not easy to interpret (Gloninger, Bohman & Sigvardsson, 1981;Murray et al, 1983;Peele, 1986;Plomin, 1986). Most reviewers have concluded that there are different types of alcoholism which vary in the importance of genetic factors; also it may be that the genetic influences on levei of alcohol consumption are not the same as those that underlie a predisposition to Eilcoholism.…”

Section: Alcoholism Drug Abuse and Antisocial Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%