The Implications of Coevolutionary Dynamics to Host‐Parasite Interactions

Best, Alex; White, Andy; Boots, Mike

doi:10.1086/598494

Cited by 98 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…We did so because our goal here was to demonstrate the impact avoidance plasticity can have upon host -pathogen evolutionary outcomes. Relaxing this assumption would complicate the conditions under which the strategy pair are CSS, as well as allowing additional feedbacks from the host population demographics to come into play [42]; without examining specific examples in-depth, it is not known what role plasticity would play-but in general, we would expect plasticity to effect the evolutionary outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen evolution under host avoidance plasticity

McLeod

Day

2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Host resistance consists of defences that limit pathogen burden, and can be classified as either adaptations targeting recovery from infection or those focused upon infection avoidance. Conventional theory treats avoidance as a fixed strategy which does not vary from one interaction to the next. However, there is increasing empirical evidence that many avoidance strategies are triggered by external stimuli, and thus should be treated as phenotypically plastic responses. Here, we consider the implications of avoidance plasticity for host-pathogen coevolution. We uncover a number of predictions challenging current theory. First, in the absence of pathogen trade-offs, plasticity can restrain pathogen evolution; moreover, the pathogen exploits conditions in which the host would otherwise invest less in resistance, causing resistance escalation. Second, when transmission trades off with pathogen-induced mortality, plasticity encourages avirulence, resulting in a superior fitness outcome for both host and pathogen. Third, plasticity ensures the sterilizing effect of pathogens has consequences for pathogen evolution. When pathogens castrate hosts, selection forces them to minimize mortality virulence; moreover, when transmission trades off with sterility alone, resistance plasticity is sufficient to prevent pathogens from evolving to fully castrate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen evolution under host avoidance plasticity

McLeod

Day

2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]), mutation-limited asexual clonal models (Adaptive Dynamics) (e.g. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]) and models for evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) that cannot be invaded by other strategies (e.g. [25]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonistic coevolution between quantitative and Mendelian traits

Yamamichi

Ellner

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Coevolution is relentlessly creating and maintaining biodiversity and therefore has been a central topic in evolutionary biology. Previous theoretical studies have mostly considered coevolution between genetically symmetric traits (i.e. coevolution between two continuous quantitative traits or two discrete Mendelian traits). However, recent empirical evidence indicates that coevolution can occur between genetically asymmetric traits (e.g. between quantitative and Mendelian traits). We examine consequences of antagonistic coevolution mediated by a quantitative predator trait and a Mendelian prey trait, such that predation is more intense with decreased phenotypic distance between their traits (phenotype matching). This antagonistic coevolution produces a complex pattern of bifurcations with bistability (initial state dependence) in a two-dimensional model for trait coevolution. Furthermore, with eco-evolutionary dynamics (so that the trait evolution affects predator-prey population dynamics), we find that coevolution can cause rich dynamics including anti-phase cycles, in-phase cycles, chaotic dynamics and deterministic predator extinction. Predator extinction is more likely to occur when the prey trait exhibits complete dominance rather than semidominance and when the predator trait evolves very rapidly. Our study illustrates how recognizing the genetic architectures of interacting ecological traits can be essential for understanding the population and evolutionary dynamics of coevolving species.

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“…Theoretically, it has been shown that sterilizing diseases that incur higher parasite-induced mortality (virulence) should select for lower host resistance due to the reduction in disease prevalence (Boots and Haraguchi 1999), while van Baalen (1998) found that resistance through increased clearance is maximized at intermediate rates of virulence. It is also well known that disruptive selection leading to the coexistence of host strains (known as evolutionary branching) can occur when host defense is through resistance but not when defense is through tolerance (Boots and Bowers 1999;Roy and Kirchner 2000;Miller et al 2005; but see Best et al 2008), and Bruns et al (2014) found that polymorphisms occurred in long-lived hosts for more costly and more extreme resistance levels compared with shortlived hosts. Although these studies give us an indication of host defense against parasites, they do not consider the evolution of host defense when there is an additional enemy present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Host Defense against Multiple Enemy Populations

Toor

Best²

2016

The American Naturalist

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Online enhancements: appendixes.abstract: Natural and managed populations are embedded within complex ecological communities, where they face multiple enemies. Experimental studies have shown that the evolution of host defense mechanisms to a focal enemy is impacted by the surrounding enemy community. Theoretically, the evolution of host defenses against a single enemy population, typically parasites, has been widely studied, but only recently has the impact of community interactions on host-parasite evolution been looked at. In this article, we theoretically examine the evolutionary behavior of a host population that must allocate defenses between two enemy populations, parasites and predators, with defense against one enemy constraining defense against the other. We show that in simpler models the composition of the enemy community plays the key role in determining the defense strategy of the hosts, with the hosts building up defenses against the enemy population posing a larger threat. However, this simple driver is shown to break down when there is significant recovery and reproduction from infected hosts. Additionally, we find that most host diversity is likely to occur when there is a combined high risk of infection and predation, in common with experimental studies. Our results therefore provide vital insight into the ecological feedbacks that drive the evolution of host defense against multiple enemy populations.

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The Implications of Coevolutionary Dynamics to Host‐Parasite Interactions

Cited by 98 publications

References 57 publications

Pathogen evolution under host avoidance plasticity

Pathogen evolution under host avoidance plasticity

Antagonistic coevolution between quantitative and Mendelian traits

Evolution of Host Defense against Multiple Enemy Populations

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