The importance of and potential for continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure

Abstract

Monitoring intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critically important part of glaucoma management; however, clinical tonometry predominantly involves sitting postures and is unable to detect variations in response to posture changes, muscular effort, deep respirations and during a wide range of activities, such as playing high wind-resistance instruments and wearing swimming goggles in addition to eye touching and rubbing. For example, the usefulness of 24-hour tonometric phasing may be increased, if nocturnal assessments included side and prone sleeping postures rather than being limited to supine posture tonometry. Continuous monitoring of IOP, which allows unrestricted involvement in a full range of sleep and non-sleep IOP elevating activities would provide an ideal method of quantifying the frequency, duration and degree of episodes of elevation in addition to physiological and pathological circadian rhythmic variations due to treatment. Apart from the degree of exposure to episodes of elevation of IOP, genetic influences and family history of glaucoma, other factors which are or could be associated with increased susceptibility to develop or progress glaucomatous pathology include age, frailty, race, type and degree of refractive error, systemic hypotension and hypertension, vasospasm, migraine, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, diabetes as well as medication interactions and side effects. Such information, when combined with all details relating to episodes of elevation of IOP, appears likely to be a strong basis for the detection, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. This review examines the limitations of methods of longitudinal monitoring of IOP with reference to their validity and the varying degrees of invasiveness involved. Also mentioned is the potential value of knowing the frequency, duration and level of variations of optic nerve subarachnoid space pressure, as the interaction of such changes with IOP and their potential influence on the lamina cribrosa, may help determine pathological significance.

Diurnal and 24-h Intraocular Pressures in Glaucoma: Monitoring Strategies and Impact on Prognosis and Treatment

“…On the other hand, an erroneously high level of IOP may lead to unnecessary administration of medication with potentially toxic effects on a long-term basis [ 75 ]. Therefore, to obtain a true picture of IOP levels for a glaucoma suspect, several IOP readings are required [ 37 , 76 ]. While a diurnal IOP curve may suffice in most cases, a complete 24-h or 48-h curve may be needed in selected cases to unmask periods of exposure to higher levels of IOP during the night [ 37 , 76 ].…”

Advances and Impact of Antioxidant Hydrogel in Chronic Wound Healing

“…As shown in Figure , oxidative damage can lead to systemic injury and cell death, and ultimately wound healing is impaired. While, addition of antioxidants (such as GSH, SOD, V C , and so on) can effectively achieve enzymatic repair and metabolic improvement, ultimately restoring cell health . Therefore, the development of safe and highly effective antioxidant dressings by directly extracting or modifying antioxidant substances to maintain intracellular redox balance (such as maintaining the stability of GSH/GSSG and SOD) is expected to improve intracellular oxidative stress and metabolic disorders.…”

“…While, addition of antioxidants (such as GSH, SOD, V C , and so on) can effectively achieve enzymatic repair and metabolic improvement, ultimately restoring cell health. [84][85][86] Therefore, the development of safe and highly effective antioxidant dressings by directly extracting or modifying antioxidant substances to maintain intracellular redox balance (such as Adv. Healthcare Mater.…”

Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, glaucoma and hyperbaric oxygen therapy

“… 15 The detection and monitoring of these IOP fluctuations which are associated with such activities require a method of 24 h monitoring which does not restrict participation in those activities. 23 …”