The Importance of Media in Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

The chapter reviews the importance of media in wastewater treatment. The chapter discusses the application of natural fillings (i.e. quartz sand, zeolite and clay) and plastic materials fillings (i.e. PET flakes) for domestic sewage treatment. The effectiveness of removing biogenic compounds (NH 4 + and PO 4 3− ions) and indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria) by using secondary and tertiary filters have been presented. The effectiveness of one-layer filters and multi-layer filters during the filtration of wastewater pre-treated in a septic tank has been discussed. The possibility of statistical tools (e.g. ANOVA and principal component analysis) to evaluate the filters performance has been described. The phenomena affected the removal of ammonium and phosphates ions from domestic sewage in a vertical flow filter filled with a calcined limestone-silicate rock were also presented.

Synthesis of a highly porous three-dimensional PVA/GO/ZIF-67 cryogel for the simultaneous treatment of water contaminated with cadmium(ii) and lead(ii) heavy metal ions

“…11,12 Since contaminants, particularly heavy metals, are released into effluent in a variety of ways, wastewater treatment has become essential in reducing these harmful elements. 13,14 Different techniques have been applied for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ adsorption from aqueous media including electrochemical methods, solvent extraction, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane nano-filtration, flotation, and oxidation. [15][16][17][18] Despite their many advantages, these technologies cause significant sludge creation, have high costs, and sluggish processes; therefore, it appears that the approaches discussed are not very effective for wastewater treatment.…”

Chemical Modification of Agro-Industrial Waste-Based Bioadsorbents for Enhanced Removal of Zn(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions

“…Therefore, for wastewater treatment, it is necessary to modify the agro-industrial residues to remove the soluble organic compounds and increase the adsorption capacity [ 43 ]. This is particularly relevant when these materials are used in wastewater treatment technologies based on adsorption (e.g., bio-filtration) [ 44 ]. Moreover, the material used as bed support not only plays a fundamental role in the contaminant removal but has an impact on the treatment cost [ 45 ].…”

Application of a Double Layer Sand Filter With a Pur Foams Layer in the Treatment of Domestic Sewage With an Increased Content of Ammonia Nitrogen

“…clinoptilolite, in a ground bed filled with intermediate sand. An interesting example are materials made of plastics, which are characterised by a high specific surface area and a low clogging tendency (Dacewicz and Chmielowski, 2018). In the case of a porous biomass carrier in the form of polyurethane sponges of 80-90% porosity, air flows around the carrier material, around which large air-filled surfaces can be seen (Jowett and McMaster, 1995).…”