Serotype b-specific polysaccharide antigen (SPA) was extracted from whole cells of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 by autoclaving and purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Sephacryl S-300. SPA induced the release of monocyte and leukocyte chemotactic factors by human monocytes. Polymyxin B had almost no effect on the release of monocyte chemotactic factor, but a monoclonal antibody against SPA markedly inhibited it. Human monocytes stimulated with SPA exhibited the increased mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and a neutrophil chemotactic factor, interleukin-8 (IL-8). On the other hand, SPA induced the release of IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and enhanced the expression of IL-1␣, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha (TNF-␣) mRNAs. Human monocytes expressed MCP-1 and IL-8 mRNAs when stimulated by human recombinant IL-1␣, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-␣, suggesting that these inflammatory cytokines induced by SPA might participate in the production of chemotactic factors in human monocytes. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a small fastidious gram-negative coccobacillus. The organism has been implicated as one of the causative organisms of localized juvenile periodontitis (7, 50) and adult periodontitis (4). A. actinomycetemcomitans is recovered in higher prevalence and proportion from subgingival lesions of localized juvenile periodontitis patients than from quiescent periodontal sites (4, 35). Patients with localized juvenile periodontitis exhibit elevated antibody levels to whole cells and cellular components of A. actinomycetemcomitans (5, 30, 35, 45). A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses various cell surface components including a capsular-like serotype-specific polysaccharide antigen (3, 5), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (22), proteinaceous surface-associated material (43, 44), fimbriae (15), and immunoglobulin Fc receptor (25). It is possible that these cell surface components are important in the adherence to host tissues, destruction of gingival tissue and periodontal ligament, and resorption of alveolar bone (17). We have recently reported that serotype b-specific polysaccharide antigen (SPA) of A. actinomycetemcomitans plays a key role in the resistance to phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) (46). Moreover, SPA is known to exhibit the ability to induce the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by murine macrophages (38) and to promote osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures (28). However, little is known about the effect of SPA on the production of inflammatory cytokines by human host cells. Monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes do not only exhibit the abilities to phagocytose and kill pathogens but also release various biologically active substances such as inflammatory cytokines, proteolytic tissue-degrading enzymes, and oxidizing agents. Therefore, the analysis of the infiltration of monocytes and leukocytes in periodontal lesions is thought to be important in the elucidation of pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. ...