The Incidence and Context of Tobacco Use in Popular Movies from 1988 to 1997

Dalton, Madeline A.; Tickle, Jennifer J.; Sargent, James D.; Beach, Michael L.; Ahrens, Marty; Heatherton, Todd F.

doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1013

Cited by 136 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Studies involved all top-grossing films [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] (generally the top 20 or 50 each year) or random samples drawn from top-grossing films. 4,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Results did not seem to vary according to the sampling frame; therefore, they will be combined in the discussion.…”

Section: Content Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,13,17 A study of movies released each decade from 1940 to 1989 found that characters shown smoking in movies peaked in the 1950s. 19 The prevalence of smoking among major characters was substantially higher than among comparable (generally high socioeconomic status) people in the real world through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.…”

Section: Content Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Other studies based on more intensive samples over shorter periods yielded similar results. 11,13,14 ) Eighty-seven percent of popular films between 1988 and 1997 contained tobacco occurrences, with two thirds of those movies depicting tobacco use by Ն1 major character. 11 Almost half (46%) of the popular films from 1985 to 1995 featured at least 1 lead character who used tobacco.…”

Section: Magnitude Of Smoking In Moviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Tobacco use in films in the 1980s and 1990s was not related to movie genre. 11,18 Tobacco use was rarely relevant to a scene and even less likely to be the major focus of the scene. In a sample of 1609 tobacco-use occurrences by major and minor characters in popular movies between 1988 and 1997, only 16.2% of occurrences were relevant to the scene, and only 5% were the major focus of the scene.…”

Section: Magnitude Of Smoking In Moviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

2005

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Objective. Despite voluntary restrictions prohibiting direct and indirect cigarette marketing to youth and paid product placement, tobacco use remains prevalent in movies. This article presents a systematic review of the evidence on the nature and effect of smoking in the movies on adolescents (and others). Methodology. We performed a comprehensive literature review. Results. We identified 40 studies. Smoking in the movies decreased from 1950 to ∼1990 and then increased rapidly. In 2002, smoking in movies was as common as it was in 1950. Movies rarely depict the negative health outcomes associated with smoking and contribute to increased perceptions of smoking prevalence and the benefits of smoking. Movie smoking is presented as adult behavior. Exposure to movie smoking makes viewers' attitudes and beliefs about smoking and smokers more favorable and has a dose-response relationship with adolescent smoking behavior. Parental restrictions on R-rated movies significantly reduces youth exposure to movie smoking and subsequent smoking uptake. Beginning in 2002, the total amount of smoking in movies was greater in youth-rated (G/PG/PG-13) films than adult-rated (R) films, significantly increasing adolescent exposure to movie smoking. Viewing antismoking advertisements before viewing movie smoking seems to blunt the stimulating effects of movie smoking on adolescent smoking. Conclusions. Strong empirical evidence indicates that smoking in movies increases adolescent smoking initiation. Amending the movie-rating system to rate movies containing smoking as “R” should reduce adolescent exposure to smoking and subsequent smoking.

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Section: Content Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Content Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnitude Of Smoking In Moviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnitude Of Smoking In Moviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

2005

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“…Media exposure includes films and television programmes, in which both tobacco 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and alcohol 13, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 imagery are common. Further, social media have provided tobacco companies with new opportunities to promote their products 32 and generate favourable attitudes towards tobacco, including intention to smoke, in young non‐smokers 33.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescents’ exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in YouTube music videos

et al. 2015

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AimsTo quantify tobacco and alcohol content, including branding, in popular contemporary YouTube music videos; and measure adolescent exposure to such content.DesignTen‐second interval content analysis of alcohol, tobacco or electronic cigarette imagery in all UK Top 40 YouTube music videos during a 12‐week period in 2013/14; on‐line national survey of adolescent viewing of the 32 most popular high‐content videos.SettingGreat Britain.ParticipantsA total of 2068 adolescents aged 11–18 years who completed an on‐line survey.MeasurementsOccurrence of alcohol, tobacco and electronic cigarette use, implied use, paraphernalia or branding in music videos and proportions and estimated numbers of adolescents who had watched sampled videos.FindingsAlcohol imagery appeared in 45% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 33–51%] of all videos, tobacco in 22% (95% CI = 13–27%) and electronic cigarettes in 2% (95% CI = 0–4%). Alcohol branding appeared in 7% (95% CI = 2–11%) of videos, tobacco branding in 4% (95% CI = 0–7%) and electronic cigarettes in 1% (95% CI = 0–3%). The most frequently observed alcohol, tobacco and electronic cigarette brands were, respectively, Absolut Tune, Marlboro and E‐Lites. At least one of the 32 most popular music videos containing alcohol or tobacco content had been seen by 81% (95% CI = 79%, 83%) of adolescents surveyed, and of these 87% (95% CI = 85%, 89%) had re‐watched at least one video. The average number of videos seen was 7.1 (95% CI = 6.8, 7.4). Girls were more likely to watch and also re‐watch the videos than boys, P < 0.001.ConclusionsPopular YouTube music videos watched by a large number of British adolescents, particularly girls, include significant tobacco and alcohol content, including branding.

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Televised Movie Trailers

Healton

Watson-Stryker

Allen

et al. 2006

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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Objective: To determine the proportion of televised movie trailers that included images of tobacco use during 1 year and the extent of youth exposure to those trailers.Design: Content analysis combined with Nielsen data measuring media exposure. All movie trailers (N=216) shown on television from August 1, 2001, through July 31, 2002. Main Outcome Measures:Exposure among youth aged 12 to 17 years to televised movie trailers that included smoking imagery.Results: Of the movie trailers televised during the study period, 14.4% (31 trailers) included images of tobacco use. Tobacco use was shown in 24.0% of the 23 trailers for R-rated (restricted) movies and 7.5% of the 8 trailers for PG-13-and PG-rated (parental guidance) movies. Ninety-five percent of all youth aged 12 to 17 years in the United States saw at least 1 movie trailer depicting tobacco use on television during this 1 year, and 88.8% saw at least 1 of these trailers 3 or more times.Conclusions: Nearly all US youth aged 12 to 17 years were exposed to images of tobacco use on television in the context of a movie trailer during the study period. Given the relationship between youth exposure to tobacco use in movies and smoking initiation, the public health community should work to enact policy to reduce or eliminate the influence of tobacco use in televised movie trailers.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:885-888 A LTHOUGH TOBACCO ADVERtising was banned from television in 1971, 1 tobacco use can still be seen across a spectrum of programming, including televised movie trailers (movie advertisements aired on television). Trailers pair tobacco use with popular movie stars and edgy action shots. These images translate into positive images of tobacco that are conveyed to a broad audience, including a large population younger than 18 years. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the extent of youth exposure to tobacco use in televised movie trailers.This research is conducted in the context of a growing body of literature on the prevalence of tobacco use in movies and the association between exposure to tobacco use in movies and youth smoking. Recent research indicates that images of tobacco use in movies are common, 3 even in youth-oriented movies, [4][5][6][7] and that youth are exposed to and recall these tobacco images. 8 The most recent data regarding prevalence of smoking in movies are from a 2004 study by Polansky and Glantz. 9 This study, which includes all US-produced, live-action movies released from 1999 through 2003, indicates that 90% of Rrated (restricted) movies, 80% of PG-13-rated movies, and 50% of PG-and Grated movies include images of smoking (PG-13 indicates parents strongly cautioned; PG, parental guidance suggested; and G, general audiences). 9A number of studies have documented the relationship between exposure to movie stars' use of tobacco in films and youth smoking initiation or susceptibility to tobacco use. [10][11][12][13][14] Pechmann and Shih 10 demonstrated that ninth grade nonsmokers who watched a movie in whi...

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The Incidence and Context of Tobacco Use in Popular Movies from 1988 to 1997

Cited by 136 publications

References 18 publications

Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

Adolescents’ exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in YouTube music videos

Televised Movie Trailers

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