The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital

Baxby, Derrick

doi:10.1017/s0022172400062598

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…These results confirm that Cryptosporidium may cause disease in otherwise healthy persons and indicate this parasite to be a common cause of diarrhoea in Italian children. The 72% rate of incidence in both the towns considered is greater than those previously reported in other European countries: from 14% (Liverpool) up to 68% (Bristol) in England (Hunt et al 1984;Baxby & Hart, 1986),16 % in West Germany (Freidank & Kist, 1987), 43 % in Ireland (CorbettFeeney, 1987, 50 % in Spain (Lopez-Brea, Garcia-Picazo & Del Rey, 1986), 55 % in Switzerland (Mai Nguyen, 1987). However, it remains lower than those reported for tropical developing countries such as Ghana (129%), Rwanda (104%) and Venezuela (10-8 %) (Bogaerts et al 1984;Addy & Aikins-Bekoe, 1986;PerezSchael et al 1985).…”

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confidence: 67%

Cryptosporidiumas a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy

et al. 1989

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SUMMARYCryptosporidiumoocysts were observed in the stools of 9 (7·2%) of 124 Italian children with diarrhoea, examined during the period 1 January—31 December 1984. In two children, the parasite was associated with other enteric pathogens. The duration of diarrhoea was 2–30 days, with a median of 6 days. In all cases the infection was self limiting. The mean age of theCryptosporidium-positive children was 34 months, and all cases occurred in the warm season.Cryptosporidiumwas found to be the third most common enteric pathogen after rotavirus andSalmonellaspp.

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confidence: 67%

Cryptosporidiumas a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy

et al. 1989

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“…Contraction of oocysts from polluted water is another possible mode of infection. [18][19][20][21] There are 2 water reservoirs near the village, which supply pipe water. However, the area surrounding the reservoirs is not clean, and feces of cattle or other domestic animals could enter the reservoirs during rainy seasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea.

Chai¹,

Kim²,

Guk³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection and its seasonality were studied in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in Hwasun-gun, Chollanam-do, Republic of Korea. Fecal samples were collected monthly from November 1996 to October 1997 and examined for enteric parasites. To detect oocysts of C. parvum, the modified acid-fast stain was applied. To determine effects of climatic factors, local weather reports were collected. The overall oocyst prevalence during 1 year was 57.0% (77 of 135), and was significantly higher (P Ͻ 0.0001) in aged people-those aged 50-59 years (80.0%) and those aged 60-69 years (69.0%)-than in younger groups. No significant difference (P Ͼ 0.05) was noted between men and boys (53.6%) and women and girls (59.5%), but significant (P Ͻ 0.05) household clustering was recognized. People aged Ͼ 50 years tended to be more repeatedly positive than people in the younger group. The rate varied monthly from 7.8 to 20.0% (average, 12.6%), with significantly higher (P Ͻ 0.05) rates in spring than in summer and winter months. This seasonality had little relation with temperature (r ϭ 0.04), but a weak correlation was found with rainfall (r ϭ 0.4). It is of special interest that cryptosporidiosis is highly endemic among the aged population.

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“…8 Asymptomatic cases are rarely described, occurring mostly in developing countries with patients showing milder immunodeficiency. 19,20 Extraintestinal manifestations have been clearly described in the literature, especially in the gall bladder, biliary ducts and pancreas, leading to conditions such as papillary stenosis, sclerosing cholangitis and acalculous cholecystitis. The respiratory tract can also be affected with manifestations of chronic bronchitis.…”

Section: Cryptosporidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric parasites and AIDS

Cimerman

Lewi

1999

Sao Paulo Med. J.

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Amongst the causes of diarrhea in developing countries, those of a parasitic origin are prominent in patients with AIDS.Opportunistic infections caused by intestinal parasites also vary according to the geographical area and the endemic levels in each location.The progressive decline of immunological and mucous defense mechanisms predisposes patients to early, intermediary and late gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection. 6 At later stages of the disease, the alterations in non-specific defense mechanisms in the production of Ig A and the reduction in local immune cell response also progress, thus increasing the susceptibility to a number of intestinal opportunistic pathogens, among which Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli and Microsporidia species are the most prominent. 7After the emergence of AIDS, these parasites, until then known solely in veterinary medicine, were no longer considered as commensal organisms and are nowadays recognized as opportunistic pathogens common to these patients. Infections by these agents constitute a major secondary aggravating factor of the disease, often responsible for worsening the general health conditions, due to manifestations of diarrhea which are difficult to control, sometimes resulting in the death of the patient. CRYPTOSPORIDIASISCryptosporidiasis, a disease caused by an intracellular protozoan named Cryptosporidium sp, was described for the first time in 1907 by Tyzzer. This parasite was considered a commensal up to 1975, when it was identified as the cause of diarrhea in animals. 8 The first manifestation of cryptosporidiasis was reported by Nine et al. in 1976, and the disease became a major concern when the notification of the first 21 patients was given, 14 of whom died of chronic diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp infection. 9 It is worth noting that outbreaks of epidemic linked to contaminated water are of extreme importance for the dissemination of this parasite such as the 1993 Milwaukee (USA) cryptosporidiasis outbreak, in which 403,000 human cases were reported, thereby becoming a relevant public health concern.10-12 After this outbreak, it was recommended that immunocompromised patients should be extremely careful with water, foodstuffs and contact with animals.Cryptosporidiasis is distributed over all continents. In Haiti and the African continent the prevalence is 50%, 13 while in the USA it ranges from 3 to 4%.14 In Brazil, due to the continental size of the country, the rates of incidence vary with the location. In the city of São Paulo, for instance, reports have referred to levels around 12.1 to 24.44%. [15][16][17] However, the latest epidemiological report on Brazil, dated February 1998, shows a cryptosporidiasis rate of only 3.5%. 18Cryptosporidiasis in AIDS patients usually causes chronic, bulky and intermittent diarrhea, with liquid non-bloody stools, accompanied by pain and abdominal colic, and a noticeable loss of weight can be observed. 8Asymptomatic cases are rarely described, occurring mostly in developing countries with pati...

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The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Cryptosporidiumas a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy

Cryptosporidiumas a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy

High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea.

Enteric parasites and AIDS

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