The incidence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorders in Finland

Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki, Susanna; Banerjee, P. Nina; Gissler, Mika; Lampi, Katja M.; Vanhala, Raija; Brown, Alan S.; Sourander, André

doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.861017

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It is also possible that there are undiagnosed cases, but because of the high rate of coverage by universal primary health care, it is likely that at least children with moderate or severe symptoms are detected. The annual incidence rate of diagnosed ASD in this sample has been shown to be 53.7 per 10 000 children under age 10 and born in 1996–1998, which is similar or even higher than in similar studies conducted elsewhere (45). The lack of association between maternal SES and ASD without intellectual disability suggests that intellectual disability might explain the findings, but this could not be studied further.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Maternal socio-economic status based on occupation and autism spectrum disorders: A national case–control study

Lehti

Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki

Cheslack‐Postava

et al. 2015

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

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Background The association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been studied in several countries, but the results have been contradictory. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal SES and subtypes of ASD in Finland. Methods A national case-control study was conducted. Children born in 1991–2005 and diagnosed with ASD by the year 2007 were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). Their matched controls were selected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (FMBR). There were 3468 cases and 13 868 controls. The information on maternal SES was collected from the FMBR and categorised into upper white collar workers (referent), lower white collar workers, blue collar workers and “others” consisting of students, housewives and other groups with unknown SES. The statistical test used was conditional logistic regression. Results The likelihood of ASD was increased among offspring of mothers who belong to the group “others” (adjusted OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.009–1.3). The likelihood of Asperger’s syndrome was decreased among offspring of lower white collar workers (0.8, 0.6–0.9) and blue collar workers (0.6, 0.5–0.7). The likelihood of PDD-NOS was increased among offspring of blue collar workers (1.5, 1.2–1.9) and “others” (1.3, 1.1–1.7). No association was found between maternal SES and childhood autism. Conclusions The association between maternal SES and ASD differs by ASD subtype. Socioeconomic groups might differ from each other by risk factors for ASD subtypes or by their service use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Maternal socio-economic status based on occupation and autism spectrum disorders: A national case–control study

Lehti

Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki

Cheslack‐Postava

et al. 2015

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

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“…Thus, males are more prone to present with symptoms detected with such tools, and supporting the possibility that the rate of ASD might be underestimated in girls, thereby skewing the male/female ratio [Baron‐Cohen et al ; Kopp, Beckung, & Gillberg, ]. In this line, the most recent epidemiological studies—specifically based on general and nationwide population—reported that the ratio between male and female could be weaker than previously suggested with a range of approximately 3:1 male:female [Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomaki et al, ; Jensen, Steinhausen, & Lauritsen, ; Kim et al, ; Saemundsen, Magnússon, Georgsdóttir, Egilsson, & Rafnsson, ] and a lack of association between gender ratio and intellectual disability (ID) [Idring et al, ; Mattila et al, ], while clinical or school based‐population studies reported a wider predominance of boys over girls (5:1) [Hiller, Young, & Weber, ]. A longitudinal study of high‐risk individuals also found a lower relative risk of ASD in males than in females, as well as limited gender differences in phenotypical features such as symptom severity, intellectual ability and adaptive skills [Zwaigenbaum et al, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms

et al. 2016

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Community-based studies have consistently shown a sex ratio heavily skewed towards males in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The factors underlying this predominance of males are largely unknown, but the way girls score on standardized categorical diagnostic tools might account for the underrecognition of ASD in girls. Despite the existence of different norms for boys and girls with ASD on several major screening tests, the algorithm of the Autism Diagnosis Interview-Revised (ADI-R) has not been reformulated. The aim of our study was to investigate which ADI-R items discriminate between males and females, and to evaluate their weighting in the final diagnosis of autism. We then conducted discriminant analysis (DA) on a sample of 594 probands including 129 females with ASD, recruited by the Paris Autism Research International Sibpair (PARIS) Study. A replication analysis was run on an independent sample of 1716 probands including 338 females with ASD, recruited through the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE) program. Entering the raw scores for all ADI-R items as independent variables, the DA correctly classified 78.9% of males and 72.9% of females (P < 0.001) in the PARIS cohort, and 72.2% of males and 68.3% of females (P < 0.0001) in the AGRE cohort. Among the items extracted by the stepwise DA, four belonged to the ADI-R algorithm used for the final diagnosis of ASD. In conclusion, several items of the ADI-R that are taken into account in the diagnosis of autism significantly differentiates between males and females. The potential gender bias thus induced may participate in the underestimation of the prevalence of ASD in females. Autism Res 2016,. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 680-689. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Финские исследователи сообщили о 8-кратном увеличении показателей заболеваемости у детей с диагнозом РАС (ДА, СА и ОРРН), родившихся между 1987 и 1992 гг. Годовой показатель заболеваемости РАС, основанный на данных стационарного и амбулаторного регистра, составил 53,7 на 10 000 [17].…”

Section: распространенность рас в различных регионах мираunclassified

The prevalence of autism: genuine and imaginary

Макушкин¹,

Makarov²,

Pashkovskiy³

2019

Z. nevrol. psikhiatr. im. S.S. Korsakova

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масштабных исследованиях, как правило, были получены более высокие показатели. В исследованиях, которые опубликованы после 1987 г., приводились показатели более 7 случаев на 10 000. В 18 исследованиях, опубликованных с 2000 г., показатели распространенности колебались от 7,2 до 40,5 случая на 10 000, средний показатель составил 20,6 случая на 10 000. В 70-х гг. прошлого столетия произошла смена парадигмы L. Kanner [5] на РАС L. Wing [6]. С этого времени количество случаев, относящихся к данному виду патологии, стало неуклонно увеличиваться, что не могло не приводить в недоумение как авторов новой концепции, так и широкого круга работающих в этой области специалистов. В литературе обсуждались возможные причины роста заболеваемости, в том числе экологические, включая тройную вакцину против кори, эпидемического паротита и краснухи (MMR). Но это не было подтверждено независимыми научными исследованиями.

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The incidence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorders in Finland

Cited by 26 publications

References 42 publications

Maternal socio-economic status based on occupation and autism spectrum disorders: A national case–control study

Maternal socio-economic status based on occupation and autism spectrum disorders: A national case–control study

Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms

The prevalence of autism: genuine and imaginary

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