The prevalence of autism: genuine and imaginary

Макушкин, Евгений Вадимович; Makarov, I V; Pashkovskiy, V. E.

doi:10.17116/jnevro201911902180

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Therefore, there is a shift away from the nosological paradigm, when the “disease” is replaced by a “spectrum of disorders”. This approach to diagnosis is perceived by part of the psychiatrists’ community as a regress in clinical concepts [ 21 ]. The developers of the latest diagnostic classifications have to take into account the limitations of modern scientific knowledge in the evidence-based categorization of mental disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Russian Federation: A Retrospective Study

Устинова

Намазова-баранова

Basova

et al. 2022

Consortium Psychiatricum

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Introduction. There has been an increase in the prevalence of ASD worldwide. According to studies, the prevalence correlates with the level of awareness about the disorder in society and in the professional community, the availability of screening procedures, and health and educational services available for families. A comparison of autism prevalence rates within the country helps to identify regions with limited access to diagnostic services and adequate medical care.Aim. Analysis of the number of persons with ASD and differences in the number of registered persons with ASD in the constituent entities of Russia.Material and methods. We used data from official statistical reporting (Form12 "Information on the number of diseases registered in the service area of a medical organization"). Results. A steady upward trend in the number of people with autism has been noted, which has been observed in Russia as a whole and in federal districts. The prevalence rates differ from the global median prevalence of ASD. Regional differences (by 104.5 times) in the frequency of diagnosis were revealed: from a minimum of 1.7 to a maximum of 177.7 per 100,000. 25-75th percentile - 38 regions, below the 25th percentile - 26, above the 75th - 21. Conclusion. The study showed significant differences in the number of ASD diagnoses depending on the region of the country and the background of a low number of registered cases of autism. It suggests that due to the lack of proper diagnosis, a significant part of people with ASD do not receive adequate medical, social and educational support. Possible causes are the lack of awareness of psychiatrists regarding diagnostic criteria approach, low involvement of pediatric service in screening activities, fears of stigmatization due to a psychiatric diagnosis in the absence of developed structures for medical, social and educational support for people with ASD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Russian Federation: A Retrospective Study

Устинова

Намазова-баранова

Basova

et al. 2022

Consortium Psychiatricum

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“…The prevalence rate of the disorder in European and American countries was 0.58‰ in 1987 and approximately 14.7‰ in 2014. According to the latest research data, the prevalence rate of autism in 8-year-old children in the United States is as high as 1/5 ( Makushkin et al, 2019 ; Maenner et al, 2020 ). In addition to being unable to integrate into society, patients with autism are often accompanied by intellectual and mental disorders, which affect their ability to live independently, resulting in a heavy economic burden on the individuals’ families and society.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive, targeted, and non-viral ultrasound-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasmid delivery for treatment of autism in a rat model

Shen

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Autism has clinical manifestations such as social interaction disorder, speech and intellectual development disorder, narrow interest range, and stereotyped and repetitive behavior, all of which bring considerable economic and mental burden to society and families, and represent a public health problem requiring urgent attention. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in supporting survival, differentiation, growth, and synapse formation of neurons and participates in the plasticity of nerves. However, it is difficult for BDNF to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) due to its large molecular weight. Low-frequency focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles (MBs) has been demonstrated to be a promising method for opening the BBB non-invasively, transiently, and locally. Here, we studied the therapeutic effect of FUS combined with BDNF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles (BDNFp-CMBs) in a rat model of autism. BDNF-CMBs were prepared and the transfection efficiency of FUS combined with BDNF-CMBs was tested in vitro. A rat model of autism was established from the juvenile male offspring of Sprague-Dawley (SD) pregnant rats treated with sodium valproate (VPA) solution through intraperitoneal injection. The autism rats were randomized into three groups: the VPA group, which received no treatment, the BDNFp group, which was treated by injection of BDNFp, and the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs group, which was administered FUS combined with BDNFp-CMBs. Age-matched normal rats served as the control group (Con). Following treatment, stereotyped, exploratory, and social–behavioral tests were performed on the animals in each group. The rat brains were then collected for subsequent histological examination, and the changes in synaptic structures in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were detected under transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the constructed BDNFp could be loaded onto CMBs with high loading efficiency. The BDNFp-CMBs prepared in this study showed good stability in vivo. FUS combined BDNFp-CMBs could effectively and non-invasively open the BBB of rats. The stereotyped, exploratory, and social behaviors of the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs group were significantly improved. Compared to the VPA group, the abnormality of neuronal morphology and number in the PFC of the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs was alleviated to a certain extent and was accompanied by restoration of the damaged synapses in the encephalic region. Our work demonstrates the positive therapeutic effect of BDNF delivered by FUS non-invasively across the BBB into the PFC in a rat model of autism, offering a potential strategy for treating autism.

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“…Общее число больных этими формами аутизма на 2017 год составило 25 645 детей [25]. Причины высоких показателей распространенности РАС и их вариабельность в различных странах и регионах мира в последние десятилетия связаны с расширением границ понятия «аутистический спектр» и с зависимостью установления данного диагноза от возраста ребенка и других характеристик [19].…”

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Clinical and Neuropsychological Features of Subcortical Structures Cerebral Organization in the Development of Autism Spectrum Mental Disorders in Children

Gutkevich

Pustovaya

Shushpanova³

et al. 2022

Клиническая И Специальная Психология

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The article deals with the peculiarities of the cerebral organization of subcortical structures in children with autism spectrum disorders. The study involved 48 children aged from 3 to 8 years (M=5.75; SD=2.61) having ICD-10 diagnoses F84.0, F84.1, F84.5. All children underwent registration of acoustic evoked brainstem potentials and neuropsychological examination. The relationship of the indicators of acoustic evoked potentials of the brain stem with the functioning of different blocks of the brain was established: the block of cortical tone and the brain energy block (Block I), the block of reception, processing and storage of exteroceptive information (Block II), the block of programming, regulation and control of the course of mental activity (Block III). For children with difficulties in activation and energy components of activity, perception of auditory information by subcortical structures of the brain causes certain difficulties (difficulties in work of the I block of the brain). Children with difficulties in right hemispheric holistic information processing strategy and a high level of its development are characterized by a reduced level of control over the course of thought activity, with difficulties in automating thinking and speech and difficulties in coordinating movements (difficulties in the work of Block II of the brain). The identified features of the cerebral organization of the processes of perception of auditory information and processes of mental activity in children with autism spectrum disorders are manifested in disorders of the course of thought activity, the function of peripheral receptors and conduction pathways to the cortical centers of the auditory analyzer, in a lowered level of control over the auditory analyzer. In connection with these processes there are difficulties with automatization of thinking and speech, coordination of movements in children.

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The prevalence of autism: genuine and imaginary

Cited by 18 publications

References 57 publications

The Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Russian Federation: A Retrospective Study

The Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Russian Federation: A Retrospective Study

Non-invasive, targeted, and non-viral ultrasound-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasmid delivery for treatment of autism in a rat model

Clinical and Neuropsychological Features of Subcortical Structures Cerebral Organization in the Development of Autism Spectrum Mental Disorders in Children

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