The Increase in Hypoxia Tolerance of Normal Men Accompanying the Polycythemia Induced by Transfusion of Erythrocytes

Pace, Nello; Lozner, Eugene L.; Consolazio, William V.; Pitts, G. C.; Pecora, L

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.148.1.152

Cited by 63 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Unfortunately, the animals were made anemic, thus adding to the objections above those of iatrogenic alterations of oxygen delivery such as decreased end-capillary Po2 (18), altered cardiac output, and a possible shift towards anaerobic metabolism in low-P50 animals (19). Not surprisingly, conflicting results have also come from models employing polycythemia (20)(21)(22)(23), which has complex effects on oxygen delivery (24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins.

1977

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A B S T R A C T It has still not been shown unequivocally whether a decrement of arterial oxygen content or tension governs the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In an attempt to discriminate between the two possibilities, we have measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic progressive hypoxia in two healthy children with a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb AndrewMinneapolis) and in their age-and sex-matched normal siblings. Hypoxic ventilatory response was identical in all subjects, there being no difference in minute ventilation at PAO2 = 40 mm Hg or in k (decrement of Po2 required to increase ventilation by a factor of 2.718). In contrast, at PAO2 = 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased markedly in controls but only slightly in high affinity subjects. Furthermore, the increase in heart rate at PAO2 = 40 mm Hg was significantly less in high affinity subjects, suggesting a concomitant difference in oxygen delivery. Thus, with identical decrements in PAO2 but widely divergent changes in arterial oxygen content and oxygen delivery, controls and high affinity subjects showed virtually identical ventilatory response to hypoxia. We conclude

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins.

1977

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“…Autologous erythrocyte infusion has been shown to increase Hct, Hb concentration and c a O 2 (Pace et al 1947;Buick et al 1980;Robertson et al 1982Robertson et al , 1988. In the present study, infusion of 700 ml of saline with autologous erythrocytes (42% Hct) resulted in higher (P < 0.05) arterial Hct (+9%), arterial Hb concentration (+10%), and a smaller decrease (P < 0.05) in c a O 2 for the ER compared to the CON group during acute exposure (1st day) at high altitude Young et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pace et al (1947) showed that young men infused with 1000 ml of erythrocytes (Hct + 20%) displayed lower HR while treadmill walking in hypoxic (hypobaric chamber) conditions simulating exposure to an elevation of 4712 m when compared to non-infused controls walking under the same conditions. They concluded that blood doping lowered one's``physiological'' altitude.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later, Robertson et al (1988) reported that erythrocyte infusion completely prevented the reduction in O 2max induced by less severe hypoxicgas breathing (simulated exposure to 2255 m) in women. These studies (Pace et al 1947;Robertson et al 1982;Robertson et al 1988) simulated altitude using short periods (<1 h) in a hypobaric chamber, or breathing hypoxic-gas mixtures. In contrast, we studied the eects of autologous erythrocyte infusion on SL residents who rapidly ascended to the summit of Pikes Peak (4300 m) and remained there for 2 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does erythrocyte infusion improve 3.2-km run performance at high altitude?

Pandolf

Young

Sawka

et al. 1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The effects of autologous erythrocyte infusion on improving exercise performance at high altitude have not previously been studied. The effects of erythrocyte infusion on 3.2-km (2-mile) run performance were evaluated during 3 days (HA3) and 14 days (HA14) exposure to high altitude (4300 m) in erythrocyte-infused (ER) and control (CON) subjects that were initially matched (P>0.05; n = 8 in each group) for age, body size and aerobic fitness. After sea-level runs (SL; 50 m), unacclimated-male subjects received either 700 ml of saline and autologous erythrocytes (42% hematocrit; ER) or saline alone (CON). The 3.2-km run times (min:s) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups at SL [mean (SEM) ER, 13:14 (00:19); CON, 13:39 (00:32)] or during HA3 [ER, 19:02 (00:18); CON, 19:44 (00:43)] and HA14 [ER, 17:44 (00:27); CON, 18:45 (00:55)] but times were slower (P<0.05) when comparing HA3 or HA14 to SL. Heart rates (HR) did not differ between groups at SL [ER, 188 (3) beats x min(-1); CON, 191 (3) beats x min(-1)], or during HA3 [ER, 170 (4) beats x min(-1); CON, 178 (4) beats x min(-1)] and HA14 [ER, 162 (6) beats x min(-1); CON, 169 (5) beats x min(-1)], but HR were lower (P<0.05) when comparing HA3 or HA14 to SL. Ratings of perceived exertion (local, central, and overall ratings) did not differ between groups at SL, HA3 or HA14, but local ratings were higher (P<0.05) at HA3 and HA14 compared to SL, and overall ratings were higher for HA3 than SL. Analysis of covariance (adjusted for SL group run times) revealed (min:s) 00:14 (HA3) and 00:28 (HA14) mean improvement tendencies (P>0.05) for ER compared to CON. Thus, no significant improvements in 3.2-km run performance were associated with erythrocyte infusion, although the ER group showed a tendency to run slightly faster at high altitude.

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“…Although the ergogenic effect of blood transfusions has been clearly proven for almost 60 years, and although the detection of homologous transfusions has recently been confirmed, the detection of autologous transfusions has not yet been resolved [1,2]. The direct detection method used for homologous transfusions, which is based on testing for differences between antigens, cannot be logically used in the case of autologous transfusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of a new indirect method based on absolute norms of variation to detect autologous blood transfusion

et al. 2008

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The aim of this study was to investigate an indirect method based on a determination of absolute norms of variation in biological markers that could be used to identify autologous blood transfusion within the framework of the fight against doping. The selection of markers was made from experimental variations obtained during different phases including an increase in training volume at sea level, high altitude training, blood withdrawal and autologous blood reinfusion. The global statistical method was then developed in order to fix absolute norms of variation for each selected marker. The markers selected were haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), stimulation index (Off-hr) and the absolute norms of variation (normDelta) established for a maximal 15 days period were normDeltaHct(0-15) >6%, normDelta[Hb](0-15) >4% and normDeltaOff-hr(0-15) >20%. From analyses between two blood samples spaced at an interval of maximum 15 days, this method allows to show "abnormal" variation when a variation for one of the selected markers is strictly superior to the absolute norms of variation established. The legal framework for an immediate application of this method could be that of the internal regulations implemented by each international federation in accordance with the health policy in vigour.

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The Increase in Hypoxia Tolerance of Normal Men Accompanying the Polycythemia Induced by Transfusion of Erythrocytes

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins.

Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins.

Does erythrocyte infusion improve 3.2-km run performance at high altitude?

Study of a new indirect method based on absolute norms of variation to detect autologous blood transfusion

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