The increasing rate of diabetes in Pakistan: A silent killer

Azeem, Saleha; Khan, Ubaid; Liaquat, Ayesha

doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103901

Cited by 48 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In low-and middleincome countries, diabetes accounts for more than 70% of morbidity and 88% of deaths (3,4). In 2002, the International Diabetes Federation estimated that 33,000,000 cases of diabetes existed in Pakistan alone, affecting 26.7% of Pakistani adults (5). This figure is exceptionally high and keeps adding year after year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and suicidal ideation among individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus, a cross-sectional study from an urban slum area of Karachi, Pakistan

Sharif¹,

Jan

Sharif

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundSuicidal thoughts and depression are associated with patients with diabetes, especially patients with low socioeconomic backgrounds and prolonged illness.ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate suicidal thoughts and depression among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the slums of Karachi.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted across 38 locations in the slums of Karachi to understand depression, suicidal thoughts, and other supporting factors of depression associated with T2D. The three-item Oslo Social Support Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale, and the Ask Suicide Screening Questions were used to screen the patients.ResultsA total of 504 study participants were interviewed, with a response rate of 98%. The prevalence of depression among patients with diabetes was 30.83%, and suicidal ideation was 20.39%. In the final multivariate analysis, being socioeconomically poor, physically disabled, and having poor social support were independent predictors of depression.ConclusionDiabetes, low socioeconomic level, a lack of social support, and physical disability were all linked to depression. Therefore, trained health providers should conduct an early depression-focused routine screening for patients with diabetes.

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confidence: 99%

Depression and suicidal ideation among individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus, a cross-sectional study from an urban slum area of Karachi, Pakistan

Sharif¹,

Jan

Sharif

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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“…Serum levels of glucose, creatinine, albumin and ACE were analyzed using commercial kits. BMI was calculated using standard formula: BMI = weight (in kg) / height in (meter) 2 . According to the World health Organization and National Institute of Health (NIH), BMI is classified as Un-derweight, Normal weight, Overweight and Obese among Asians and South Asians 10 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) diabetes atlas 2021, Pakistan is ranked 3 out of 215 countries in the world, having 33 million cases of DM at an age between 20 and 79 years 1 . It has many forms depending on the cause among which type 2 Diabetes (T2D M) is most common and makes it the major prob lem that affects Pakistani's life 2 . Characteristics of T2DM include insulin resistance, and metabolic disturbance of carbohydrates,proteins and lipids (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Ace and Ace I/D Polymorphism: Risk of Type 2 Diabetes with and Without Nephropathy in Pakistani Cohort

Bano¹,

Iqbal²,

Khan³

et al. 2022

ashkmdc

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Objective: To find serum ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) level and the role of ACE I/D polymorphism with T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) among the Pakistani cohort. Methods: A total of 110 diagnosed T2DM patients and 100 normotensive healthy controls with an agerange of 35-65 years were randomly selected for this study. All cases were screened for the T2DM based on random and fasting blood sugar levels and confirmed by HbA1c test. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples by the Salting out method and ACE I/D polymorphism was genotyped using insertion-deletion polymorphism. A serum level of ACE was also determined. All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16 and all values are significant at a p-value less than 0.05. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was calculated for any deviation of allele frequencies from predicted. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between ACE polymorphism and the risk of diabetes. The odds ratio along with a 95% confidence interval via binary logistics regression analysis was used to find out the diabetic risk associated with ACE genotyping. Results: The analysis showed higher ACE levels among T2DM patients with nephropathy (mean =158 ± 38.9) and without nephropathy (mean = 128.23 ± 46.8) as compared to controls (mean = 94.4± 28.6). No significant association (÷2 = 7.402, p-value=0.116) was observed between ACE genotyping and T2DM. However, those who have DD (O.R= 2.714, 95% CI=0.943-7.809) genotype of ACE polymorphism was at risk of diabetes but the results were non-significant. However, no risk was present at the diabetic nephropathy females.Conclusion: These outcomes propose that the ACE gene may not contribute to T2DM in the Pakistanicohort. However, ACE levels were higher among T2DM with and without nephropathy patients.

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“…Over 451 million people have diabetes globally, and according to the second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan and the International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence of diabetes is over 26% in Pakistan. Significant socioeconomic transition is predicted to lead to an increase in the proportion of diabetes patients in the upcoming years [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Retinopathy in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Khan¹,

Aslam²

2023

Cureus

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Background: The most prevalent microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus on the eye is diabetic retinopathy, which is also one of the major reasons for poor vision in the working-age population. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetic retinopathy in participants.Methods: The Department of Medicine at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar performed a sixmonth cross-sectional study from May to November 2022. A total of 196 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the research.Results: Ages ranged from 18 to 60 years with a mean age of 37.59 ± 10.21 years, with the majority of the patients (n=16) belonging to the fourth decade. Thirty-one individuals (15.81%) with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus had diabetic retinopathy, of which 12 (6.12%) were females and 19 (9.69%) were males. Among patients with diabetic retinopathy, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) was determined to be 9.4 ± 1.5, and among those with other types of retinopathy, background retinopathy was detected in 11 (5.61%) men and seven (3.57%) female patients. Conclusion:The majority of diabetic retinopathy patients in the current study were older than 40 years and were primarily males. In newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, retinopathy occurred in 15.81% of cases (n=31), with background retinopathy accounting for the majority of cases (n=18, 9.18%).

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The increasing rate of diabetes in Pakistan: A silent killer

Cited by 48 publications

References 6 publications

Depression and suicidal ideation among individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus, a cross-sectional study from an urban slum area of Karachi, Pakistan

Depression and suicidal ideation among individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus, a cross-sectional study from an urban slum area of Karachi, Pakistan

Serum Ace and Ace I/D Polymorphism: Risk of Type 2 Diabetes with and Without Nephropathy in Pakistani Cohort

Frequency of Retinopathy in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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