The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 by Sudan Dyes

Abstract

Azo dyes form a major class of chemically related compounds that are ubiquitous in foods, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, and also used as biological stains in histological and histopathological laboratories and clinics. Sudan I, sudan III, and sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study, we investigated the difference between these three sudan dyes in induction of CYP1A1. We intraperitoneally treated Wistar rats with each of the three sudan dyes (I, III, and IV) for 3 days. Treatment of Wistar rats with sudan I produced the highest induction of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA whereas treatment of Wistar rats with sudan III produced about two third of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA than induced by sudan I. Furthermore, treatment of Wistar rats with sudan IV produced the lowest induction of CYP1A1 protein and mRNA which is about two third of that induced with sudan III treatment. We further investigated the effect of these sudan dyes on CYP1A1 transcription through investigating the xenobiotic response element (XRE) reporter activity in HepG2. The XRE reporter activity study showed the same trend of activity of sudan dyes comparable to the effects on CYP1A1 mRNA and protein. Immunohistochemical study revealed a differential pattern of distribution of CYP1A1 protein in rat liver among the three sudan dyes, apparent in the centrilobular and midzonal region with sudan III, progressing to panlobular with sudan I, whereas sudan IV showed a reversal of pattern of induction with the most intense staining in the periportal region. Our results suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the molecular size of the three sudan dyes and their ability to induce CYP1A1.

Determination of Sudan I in paprika powder by molecularly imprinted polymers–thin layer chromatography–surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic biosensor

“…Kinetic studies were performed by suspending 100 mg MIPs powder (or NIPs powder) to 10 mL Sudan I solution at 10 ppm. At each time point (1,5,10,20,30, 60, 90 and 120 min), 1 mL mixture was collected and centrifuged (2348 Â g, 5 min), and the supernatant was measured for the unbound template molecules by UV spectrometry at 483 nm.…”

“…It is also added illegally to foodstuffs and cosmetics for color enhancement [1]. The compound is classified as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound by International Agency for Research on Cancer [1]. In July 2003, Sudan I was detected in chili products imported from India by a French lab, and European community immediately released the legislation to track and remove the contaminated food products [2].…”

“…It is also added illegally to foodstuffs and cosmetics for color enhancement [1]. The compound is classified as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound by International Agency for Research on Cancer [1].…”

Ultra-sensitive lab-on-a-chip detection of Sudan I in food using plasmonics-enhanced diatomaceous thin film

“…Sudan dyes can damage DNA, RNA, and some enzymes in the human body. Thus, Sudan dyes have been classified as carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds by International Agency for Research on Cancer (Ahmed Refat, et al, 2008; Cheung, Shadi, Xu, & Goodacre, 2010). This makes it illegal to be used as a food additive according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European framework (Union, 2005).…”

Cosmetic Analysis Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI)

“…For lipsticks and eyeliners, it was possible to differentiate: new, in use and expired products based on their lipid profile. For the nail polishes it was possible to quantify the dye, Sudan III ( m/z 351, [M − H] − ), which is a potential class three carcinogen [18]. …”