The Infection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shrimp and Human

Abstract

<p class="15" align="justify"><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> is an aquatic zoonotic agent that can threaten human and aquaculture animal health. Humans can be infected by consuming contaminated raw seafood or wound-related infections. Generally infection of <em>V. parahemolyticus</em> is orally transmitted and causes gastroenteritis in humans while in aquaculture animals especially shrimp can cause Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) or Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) with a very high mortality rate and cause economic losses. Shrimp species susceptible to infection are <em>Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon,</em> and <em>P. chinensis</em>. <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> produces several toxins in human disease such as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), TDH-related haemolysin (TRH), and thermolabile hemolysin (TLH). Meanwhile, Photorabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins consisting of PirA<sup>vp</sup> and PirB<sup>vp</sup> are the toxins associated with AHPND in shrimp. The genes that encode the toxin are used as targets to diagnose <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> pathogens molecularly. Until now the treatment of <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection is using antibiotics and fluid therapy, but there were <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> isolates from aquaculture that have been resistant to antibiotics so that the use of antibiotics in aquaculture must be controlled and the use of alternative therapy are very important to be developed to control <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection.</p><p class="15" align="justify"> </p><p>Keywords: <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>, zoonotic, gastroenteritis, Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS).</p>

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi) against Pathogenic Bacteria in Aquaculture

“…Meanwhile, members of Vibrio cause a common disease among groupers, such as marine fish (Sarjito et al, 2009), mud crabs (Sarjito et al, 2018b), shrimp (Novriadi, 2016;Sarjito et al, 2018c), and cultured shellfish (Novriadi, 2016). In addition, these pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted to humans through fresh seafood (Praja & Safnurbaiti, 2018).…”

Distribution and expression of virulence genes in potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from seafood in Thailand

“…The ssaO gene was detected in all 57 seafood-associated serovars of Salmonella (Bhowmick et al, 2011b). The tlh gene encodes thermolabile hemolysin (TLH) which causes the lysis of red blood cells and therefore contributes to pathogenicity (Praja & Safnurbati, 2018). Although the tlh gene is considered species-specific for V. parahaemolyticus, it is also widespread in other vibrios including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio proteolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus (Wang et al, 2007;Xie et al, 2005;Yanez et al, 2015).…”

Growth Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Lobster (Panulirus sp.) Under Different Temperatures, pH, and NaCl Concentrations

“…One of the causes of damage to lobster, namely microorganisms, is a result of contamination and causes spoilage and even disease for humans who consume it (Adedeje et al, 2012). One of the aquatic microorganisms that can contaminate lobsters is Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Praja & Safnurbaiti, 2018).…”