The infection process and symptom expression of verticillium disease of<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>

North, L.H.; Wuest, P. J.

doi:10.1080/07060669309500829

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This work was carried out with a single host/pathogen pair, and it would be interesting to look at the behaviour of other combinations, as great variations in susceptibility levels of host strains and in the aggressiveness of V. fungicola isolates exist (Largeteau et al 2005). Our inoculation conditions were close to natural contamination, in contrast to those used by North and Wuest (1993), and our observations stress that the dependence of symptom type on the morphological stage of the mushroom at infection time observed by these authors would similarly exist in natural conditions of infection. The relationship between the mushroom stage and the symptom is strengthened and completed by our analyses of A. bisporus DNA quantities in stipe-bubbles and mushrooms with stipe blowout.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The recognition system between the A. bisporus fruiting body and V. fungicola was demonstrated (Bernardo et al 2004). Some information on the physical and chemical mechanisms involved are available, and the coexistence of host and pathogen hyphae in diseased tissues was visualised by microscopy (North and Wuest 1993;Dragt et al 1995 and1996;Calonje et al 1997), but the ratio of host to pathogen is not documented. In contrast to sporophores which vary little in size, initiate and reach maturity quite simultaneously during each peak of production for a single cultivar, bubbles show great variations in size and no synchronisation in development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fungal pathogen affects the morphogenesis of fruiting bodies in its fungal host. Infection is manifested in three types of symptoms, (i) an undifferentiated, non-necrotic spherical mass (dry bubble) in place of the sporophore, (ii) mushrooms with a bent and/or split stipe (blowout) and (iii) superficial cinnamon-brown lesions of the mushroom cap (spotty cap) (van de Geijn 1982;North and Wuest 1993;Rinker and Wuest 1994). The recognition system between the A. bisporus fruiting body and V. fungicola was demonstrated (Bernardo et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus: variations in host contribution to total fungal DNA in relation to symptom heterogeneity

2007

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The pathogenic fungus Verticillium fungicola, responsible for dry bubble disease of the common mushroom Agaricus bisporus, causes various symptoms on its host, bubbles (undifferentiated spherical masses), bent and/or split stipes (blowout) and spotty caps. Host DNA quantification by real-time PCR was used to observed relationships between the type of symptom and the relative amount of A. bisporus and V. fungicola in diseased mushrooms. Verticillium fungicola is involved in bubble formation but does not appear to regulate its growth. Quantifications in bubbles and stipe-bubbles (morphology between bubble and sporophore with stipe blowout) showed that the pathogen has no effect on the growth of undifferentiated host hyphae but prevents morphological differentiation if not initiated and stops it when initiated hyphae are affected. Mushrooms with stipe blowout exhibiting both mature and abortive lamellae reveal that V. fungicola has a restricted area of action in host tissues. Despite their visual aspect, healthy looking parts of mushrooms showing spots or stipe blowout were actually contaminated. Discolouration and symptom development are two distinct events. The colour of the tissues was correlated to the percentage of A. bisporus DNA, suggesting that discolouration is not an efficient defensive mechanism, and occurs at the time V. fungicola developed enough to induce tissues necrosis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus: variations in host contribution to total fungal DNA in relation to symptom heterogeneity

2007

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“…Undifferentiated spherical mass (dry bubble), stipe blowout, and spotty cap (17,21) characterize L. fungicola infection, leading to yield decreases and severe economic losses. Today, control of L. fungicola relies on prophylactic measures and the use of fungicides.…”

Section: Ry Bubble Caused By the Fungal Pathogen Lecanicillium Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Yield Components and Partial Resistance to Lecanicillium fungicola in the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, Assessed by Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping

Foulongne-Oriol

Rodier

Savoie

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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b Dry bubble, caused by Lecanicillium fungicola, is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting button mushroom cultivation. In a previous study, we demonstrated that breeding for resistance to this pathogen is quite challenging due to its quantitative inheritance. A second-generation hybrid progeny derived from an intervarietal cross between a wild strain and a commercial cultivar was characterized for L. fungicola resistance under artificial inoculation in three independent experiments. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) was used to determine the locations, numbers, and effects of genomic regions associated with drybubble resistance. Four traits related to resistance were analyzed. Two to four QTL were detected per trait, depending on the experiment. Two genomic regions, on linkage group X (LGX) and LGVIII, were consistently detected in the three experiments. The genomic region on LGX was detected for three of the four variables studied. The total phenotypic variance accounted for by all QTL ranged from 19.3% to 42.1% over all traits in all experiments. For most of the QTL, the favorable allele for resistance came from the wild parent, but for some QTL, the allele that contributed to a higher level of resistance was carried by the cultivar. Comparative mapping with QTL for yield-related traits revealed five colocations between resistance and yield component loci, suggesting that the resistance results from both genetic factors and fitness expression. The consequences for mushroom breeding programs are discussed. D ry bubble, caused by the fungal pathogen Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss) Zare et Gams (formerly Verticillium fungicola)is one of the most detrimental diseases that affect cultures of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach worldwide. Undifferentiated spherical mass (dry bubble), stipe blowout, and spotty cap (17, 21) characterize L. fungicola infection, leading to yield decreases and severe economic losses. Today, control of L. fungicola relies on prophylactic measures and the use of fungicides. However, drastic specifications for the application of chemicals for pest and disease control in mushroom farms, together with the emergence of fungicide tolerance, lead to the consideration of mushroom breeding for resistance to disease as an environmentally sustainable and effective way to limit pathogen epidemics.Potential sources of resistance to dry bubble have been identified in wild types of A. bisporus, but no complete resistance has been found (6, 15). Thus, wild strains from the Sonoran desert belonging to A. bisporus var. burnettii showed a high level of tolerance for L. fungicola infection (18). In a recent study, the analysis of segregation data for dry-bubble resistance in progeny derived from an A. bisporus var. bisporus ϫ A. bisporus var. burnettii intervarietal cross suggested polygenic inheritance of the partial resistance to L. fungicola carried by A. bisporus var. burnettii (8). The introgression of such complex genetic resistance into new button mushroom cultivars through conventional...

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“…fungicola spores and subsequent interactions between the mycelium of the pathogen and A. bisporus mycelium. In a recent study North & Wuest (1993) described the presence of V . fungicola hyphae growing intercellularly inside the A. bisporus fruit body, as previously reported by Ware (1933) The cell walls of the parasitized A. bisporus fruit bodies are thin in comparison to the thicker and more electrondense walls of healthy cells, supporting the view that cell-wall-degrading enzymes may play an important role in the infection process, as previously postulated by Michaels (1973), Trigiano & Fergus (1979) and Kalberer (1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymic activity of the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola on Agaricus bisporus fruit body cell walls

et al. 1997

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The in vitm production of different hydrolytic enzyme activities by Verticillium fungicola, a mycoparasite of Agaricus bisponrs fruit bodies, was examined in cultures grown with various carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose and A. bisporus cell walls). Several of the identified enzymes were influenced by the carbon source. The results of A. bisporus cell wall digestion by these enzymes in witro have been compared with V. fingicola infection of A. bisporus fruit bodies in vivo. Evidence supporting mycoparasite enzymic action on the host cell walls is presented.

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The infection process and symptom expression of verticillium disease ofAgaricus bisporus

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus: variations in host contribution to total fungal DNA in relation to symptom heterogeneity

Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus: variations in host contribution to total fungal DNA in relation to symptom heterogeneity

Relationship between Yield Components and Partial Resistance to Lecanicillium fungicola in the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, Assessed by Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping

Enzymic activity of the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola on Agaricus bisporus fruit body cell walls

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