The Influence of Additives on the Size Distribution and Composition of Particles Produced by Diesel Engines

Skillas, G.; Qian, Zu Guo; Baltensperger, Urs; Matter, U.; Burtscher, H.

doi:10.1080/00102200008947279

Cited by 83 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…First, the concentration of the particles in the accumulation mode decreased significantly, presumably due to enhanced oxidation rates, and second, a large nuclei mode appeared. This is consistent with other recent work dealing with metal additives (Jung et al 2003Mayer et al 2003;Skillas et al 2000). The addition of metal additives to fuel increases the concentration of volatile metal compounds [see e.g., Abdul- Khalek et al (1998)'s calculation on the formation of nuclei mode particles from Ca in the lubricating oil], which must undergo gas to particle conversion during the expansion stroke of the engine, while at the same time decreasing the accumulation mode, and thus the available surface area onto which gas phase material can condense or adsorb.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Skillas et al (2000) collected nuclei mode particles on filters and performed material analysis with 100 ppm cerium dosed fuel. He discovered that nuclei mode particles are mainly composed of cerium compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an increased interest in putting metal additives in diesel fuel, because doing so lowers the ignition temperature of particles collected in DPFs (Diesel Particulate Filters), and thus enhances regeneration of DPFs (Lahaye et al 1996;Stanmore et al 1999). Skillas et al (2000) and Jung et al (2003Jung et al ( , 2005 found that the nuclei mode increases while the accumulation mode (D p > ∼50 nm) decreases in the presence of metal additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Electrical Charge on Diesel Particles

Jung

Kittelson

2005

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Nanoparticles (D p < 50 nm), which are formed as diesel engine exhaust cools and dilutes, constitute minority of total particle mass but majority of total particle number. There are several different theories to explain the nucleation of nanoparticles from diesel exhaust. The two main theories are homogeneous binary nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, and ion-induced nucleation. This study examined the ion-induced nucleation theory. In order to test the ionic nucleation theory, the charged fraction of the diesel particles were measured as a function of particle size using regular diesel fuel in this study. A very small amount of charge was found for the diesel nanoparticles in the nuclei mode, whereas there was a large charged fraction for the diesel particles in the accumulation mode. If ion-induced nucleation were the dominant mechanism for the nucleation of nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, one would expect a significant charge on the nuclei mode particles. The results from this study suggest that ion-induced binary nucleation is at least not a dominant mechanism for the nucleation of diesel exhaust when using regular diesel fuel.This study also examined the influence of metal additives on nucleation and particle charging. The metal additives examined are of the type used to enhance particle oxidation in diesel particulate filters. When used, the additives led to a large increase in the concentration of solid particles in the nuclei mode, and significantly raised the level of particle charge for particles of all sizes. When additives were used, some of the solid particles in the nuclei mode carried a charge. We believe that these metal related particles form early enough in the combustion process to be charged by ions present during and shortly after combustion.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Electrical Charge on Diesel Particles

Jung

Kittelson

2005

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…It is well known that Fe-based fuel additives such as ferrocene Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 or iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 affect the combustion process by soot reduction (Kasper et al 1999;Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Skillas et al 2000). Most studies explain the reduction of particulate emission by a promotion of the soot oxidation process in the flame (Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Kasper et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Bladt

Schmid

Kireeva

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Soot aerosol, which is a major pollutant in the atmosphere of urban areas, often contains not only carbonaceous matter but also inorganic material. These species, for example, iron compounds, originated from impurities in fuel or lubricating oil, additives or engine wear may change the physico-chemical characteristics of soot and hence its environmental impact. We studied the change of composition, structure, and oxidation reactivity of laboratory-produced soot aerosol with varying iron content. Soot types of various iron contents were generated in a propane/air diffusion flame by adjusting the doping amount of iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 to the flame. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX) was combined with cluster analysis (CA) to separate individual particles into definable groups of similar chemical composition representing the particle types in dependence of the iron content in soot. Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and infrared spectroscopy were applied for the characterization of the graphitic soot structure, hydrocarbons, and iron species. For the analysis of soot reactivity, temperature-programmed oxidation

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“…6,7,12 The chemical form of cerium may be an important determinant of particle toxicity, as suggested by a recent study reporting that cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles are more toxic than other form of cerium particles. 25 As shown in Figure 1, ceria in the DEP had a size of 100 to 200 nm, representing particle agglomerates rather than the single ceria particles of 5-10 nm originally added into the fuel.…”

Section: Effects Of Envirox Tm On Dep Size and Surface Electrical Chargementioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of a nanoceria fuel additive on the physicochemical properties of diesel exhaust particles

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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ABSTRACT:Nanoceria (i.e., CeO 2 nanoparticles) fuel additives have been used in Europe and elsewhere to improve fuel efficiency. Previously we have shown that the use of a commercial fuel additive Envirox TM in a diesel-powered electricity generator reduced emissions of diesel exhaust particle (DEP) mass and other pollutants. However, such additives are currently not permitted for use in on-road vehicles in North America, largely due to limited data on the potential health impact. In this study, we characterized a variety of physicochemical properties of DEPs emitted from the same engine. Our methods include novel techniques such as Raman spectrometry for analyzing particle surface structure and an assay for DEP oxidative potential. Results show that with increasing Envirox TM concentrations in the fuel (0x, 0.1x, 1x, and 10x of manufacturer recommended 0.5 ml Envirox TM per liter fuel), DEP sizes decreased from 194.6±20.1 to 116.3±14.8 nm; zeta potential changed from -28.4 mV to -22.65 mV; DEP carbon content decreased from 91.8% to 79.4%; cerium and nitrogen contents increased from 0.3% to 6.5% and 0.2% to 0.6%, respectively; the ratio of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) increased from 22.9% to 38.7%; and the ratio of disordered carbon structure to ordered carbon structure (graphitized carbon) in DEP decreased. Compared to DEPs emitted from 0x, 0.1x, and 1x fuels, DEPs from the 10x fuel had a lower oxidative potential likely due to increased ceria content because pure ceria nanoparticles exhibited the lowest oxidative potential compared to all the DEPs. Since the physicochemical parameters tested here are among the determinants of particle toxicity, our findings imply that adding ceria nanoparticles into diesel may alter the toxicity of DEPs. The findings from the present study, hence, can help future studies that will examine the impact of nanoceria additives on DEP toxicities.

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The Influence of Additives on the Size Distribution and Composition of Particles Produced by Diesel Engines

Cited by 83 publications

References 11 publications

Measurement of Electrical Charge on Diesel Particles

Measurement of Electrical Charge on Diesel Particles

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Effects of a nanoceria fuel additive on the physicochemical properties of diesel exhaust particles

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