The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and green tea consumption on the risk of carcinoma of the cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China

Abstract

BACKGROUND.The divergent incidence patterns of gastric cardia and distal stom-

Gastric cancer among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2004

“…64,65 Cigarette smoking also has been associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer; however, the absence of control for confounders such as H. pylori infection and fresh produce consumption have hindered the interpretation of many studies. [66][67][68] Obesity may be an important risk factor for gastric cancer of the cardia. 69 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data indicate that AI/AN populations from all regions have a higher prevalence of obesity than NHW populations.…”

U‐shaped Effect of Drinking and Linear Effect of Smoking on Risk for Stomach Cancer in Japan

“…Smoking Many studies have evaluated the relationship between smoking and risk of stomach cancer. Although some studies obtained negative results, [11][12][13] other studies had positive results, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] several of which showed a linear association between smoking dose and risk of stomach cancer. 10,[25][26][27][28] Among male subjects, smoking dose showed a dosedependent linear association with risk of stomach cancer.…”

“…Drinking Although many studies have produced negative results on the relationship between drinking and risk of stomach cancer, 13,16,20,21,25,26,29) some studies have shown positive results. 11,12,19,22,23) A few studies found a linear association. 11,23) In this study, light drinkers showed the lowest risk among both male and female subjects, and heavy drinkers the highest risk among male subjects.…”

Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence

“…Based on these fi ndings, the WCRF/AICR report concluded that high consumption of green tea "possibly" decreases the risk of gastric cancer. More recent case-control studies have also shown a reduction in the risk with green tea intake, most with statistical signifi cance [58][59][60][61].…”