The influence of different diets on metabolism and atherosclerosis processes—A porcine model: Blood serum, urine and tissues 1H NMR metabolomics targeted analysis

Abstract

The global epidemic of cardiovascular diseases leads to increased morbidity and mortality caused mainly by myocardial infarction and stroke. Atherosclerosis is the major pathological process behind this epidemic. We designed a novel model of atherosclerosis in swine. Briefly, the first group (11 pigs) received normal pig feed (balanced diet group—BDG) for 12 months, the second group (9 pigs) was fed a Western high-calorie diet (unbalanced diet group—UDG) for 12 months, the third group (8 pigs) received a Western type high-calorie diet for 9 months later replaced by a normal diet for 3 months (regression group—RG). Clinical measurements included zoometric data, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and ultrasonographic evaluation of femoral arteries. Then, the animals were sacrificed and the blood serum, urine and skeletal muscle tissue were collected and 1H NMR based metabolomics studies with the application of fingerprinting PLS-DA and univariate analysis were done. Our results have shown that the molecular disturbances might overlap with other diseases such as onset of diabetes, sleep apnea and other obesity accompanied diseases. Moreover, we revealed that once initiated, molecular changes did not return to homeostatic equilibrium, at least for the duration of this experiment.

Metabolomics Characterizes the Effects and Mechanisms of Quercetin in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development

“…Metabolomics, the systematic analysis of all metabolites and metabolomic pathways in a given biological system, has been increasingly recognized in the study of dietary impact [ 22 ] and drug mechanisms on metabolic diseases. As a peripheral circulation indicator that can reflect the changes in various life activities, serum has become a research topic of interest in metabolomics studies [ 23 ].…”

Comparison of Osmotic Resistance, Shape and Transmembrane Potential of Erythrocytes Collected from Healthy and Fed with High Fat-Carbohydrates Diet (HF-CD) Pigs—Protective Effect of Cistus incanus L. Extracts

“…23/2009 of the 1st Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in Wroclaw, Poland. We used a swine model of atherosclerosis described earlier [ 1 ]. Namely, all pigs (polish white domestic pig, suis scrofa ) were housed in a single room, with a temperature of 18–20 °C and 60–75% humidity.…”

“…Nine pigs were fed by three months the unbalanced diet having a 3200 kcal/kg energy content. This diet (HF-CD) [ 1 ]. Second—control group (eleven pigs) had limited access to food proportionally to the body weight with daily maximum calorie intake up to 4200 kcal/pig.…”

“…A diet enriched with saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates (high fat-carbohydrates diet, HF-CD) consequently leads to reversible, than irreversible metabolic disturbances, which result in the emergence of civilization diseases, including obesity and accompanying diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes [ 1 ]. HF-CD induces systemic inflammation, what is related to the disorder of oxidation-reduction balance and the excess of free radicals damaging to basic cell components [ 2 ].…”

An Optimization of Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Urinary Volatile and Semi-Volatile Compounds and Its Application for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

“…Urine, because of the non-invasive methods of collection and the richness of metabolites, is a commonly used fluid in metabolite profiling [3,4], potentially giving a large amount of information about the metabolic state of the body. Urine is frequently analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) [5][6][7]. A specific class of metabolomics focused on the profile of volatile compounds (VCs) is termed volatolomics, the applications of which for diagnostic purposes is growing [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”