The Influence of Emigration on Tourism Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from China

Abstract

With the growth of economic globalization and international tourism, tourism outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has become a significant phenomenon in the development of the tourism industry. This article aims to estimate how emigration affects OFDI in tourism. It develops the theoretical framework of the effects of emigration on tourism OFDI, including the outbound tourism effect, the economic effect, the cultural effect, and the social effect. The empirical evidence in China reveals a significant effect of Chinese emigration on China’s tourism OFDI. However, this positive effect is found to decrease over time. This study also suggests that the level of development in the destination country, cultural distance, and geographical distance determine the size of this positive effect. Lastly, it was found that Chinese emigration has also had a positive effect on China’s OFDI in tourism to developed economies and neighboring economies.

Travellers’ willingness to pay and perceived value of time in ride-sharing: an experiment on China

“…Some researchers have highlighted the importance of flexible urban transportation systems to help curb growing tourist demand (Gössling, 2017;Riganti & Nijkamp, 2008). Thus, efficient and diverse transportation systems have been suggested to have the ability to improve tourists' satisfaction and their image of the destinations visited (Chen et al, 2019;Song, Shi, Chen, Nijkamp, et al, 2020). The tourism sector also offers an interesting example of flexible ride-sharing, since transportation congestion (particularly waiting in a queue to use vehicles) is often caused by excess demand and seasonality (Riganti & Nijkamp, 2008).…”

Location decisions of Chinese firms in the global tourism industry: The role of prior international experience and diplomatic relations

“…As a result, past studies found a positive relationship between the size of the Chinese community in a host country and China's OFDI (Blomkvist, & Drogendijk, 2016;Karreman et al, 2017). This effect was also reported when analyzing Chinese tourism OFDI (Song et al, 2020). Hence, the percent of Chinese migrants over total population in each host country was included as a control variable, using figures from the United Nations Population Division (Quer et al, 2019;Song et al, 2020).…”

“…Past research found that a higher number of tourists from a home country in a tourist destination led to a higher number of OFDIs by firms from that home country in that destination (Santos et al, 2016). Prior studies on Chinese tourism reached similar results (Li, Huang, & Song, 2017;Song, Shi, Chen, Nijkamp, & Li, 2020). Accordingly, the number of Chinese tourist arrivals to each host country was considered as a control variable, with one-year lag and a log transformation (Deng et al, 2019).…”

International Remittances as a Driver of Domestic Tourism Expenditure: Evidence from Mexico

“…International migration and tourism arrivals are perhaps the two most important social phenomena involving the movement of people in this new era of globalization (UNWTO 2009). The link between them has been highlighted in several economic and tourism studies (Buckley et al 2020; Song et al 2020; Dwyer et al 2014; Feng and Page 2010). Two main concepts can be identified in the migration-tourism nexus, Tourism-led Migration (TLM) and Migration-led Tourism (MLT), which can be understood as a circular relationship (UNWTO 2009).…”