“…Because the developing world uses energy-intensive production technologies based on fossil fuels—predominantly nonrenewable energy sources (Dong et al, 2019 , 2020b ; Hu et al, 2018 ; Ehigiamuoe & Lean, 2019 )—developed countries generally have illiberal trade models based on the export of dirty commodities (Fakher, 2018 ; Lv & Xu, 2019 ). Furthermore, developing countries typically do not have green or strict regulations on FDI; neither do they have nation-wide standardized regulations on environmental quality (Danlami et al, 2019 ; Song, Li, et al, 2021 ; Song, Zhang, et al, 2021 ; Song, Zhang, et al, 2021 ; L. Zhang et al, 2021 ) nor effective, democratic, and nation-wide standardized mechanisms of environmental governance (Zhang et al, 2021 ). Likewise, public awareness of environmental degradation tends to be low (Mujtaba et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”