Despite China's emissions having plateaued in 2013, it is still the world's leading energy consumer and CO 2 emitter, accounting for approximately 30% of global emissions. Detailed CO 2 emission inventories by energy and sector have great significance to China's carbon policies as well as to achieving global climate change mitigation targets. This study constructs the most up-to-date CO 2 emission inventories for China and its 30 provinces, as well as their energy inventories for the years 2016 and 2017. The newly compiled inventories provide key updates and supplements to our previous emission dataset for 1997-2015. Emissions are calculated based on IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) administrative territorial scope that covers all anthropogenic emissions generated within an administrative boundary due to energy consumption (i.e. energy-related emissions from 17 fossil fuel types) and industrial production (i.e. process-related emissions from cement production). The inventories are constructed for 47 economic sectors consistent with the national economic accounting system. The data can be used as inputs to climate and integrated assessment models and for analysis of emission patterns of China and its regions. Background & Summary China's economic development, energy consumption and associated emissions have entered a "new normal" stage 1 after a period of rapid development. Economic growth has slowed slightly in recent few years, while more attention has been paid to the optimization and upgrade of economic structures and drivers. Even though China's emissions have plateaued in 2013 ref. 2 , it is still the world's leading energy consumer and CO 2 emitter, accounting for approximately 30% of global emissions 3. After the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement, China is playing an increasingly important role in global climate change mitigation and emission reduction and has set a series of reduction targets, such as peaking its emissions by 2030 ref. 4 and reducing emission intensity by 60%-65% compared with 2005 ref. 5. A series of policies, such as those targeting energy structure optimization and renewable energy development, have been implemented and achieved significant results 6. Renewable and sustainable energy consumption (i.e. primary electricity from hydro power and solar) as well as energy from nuclear power have rapidly increased from 109 million tonnes of standard coal equivalent (tce) (or 3.7% of the total energy consumption) in 2007 to 295 million tce (or 7.1%) in 2017. Meanwhile, the share of coal in total energy consumption has decreased from 75.6% to 65.2% over the same period 7. Given these dynamics, up-to-date emission data are a precondition for analysis as well as informed and evidence-based policymaking. The IPCC has proposed a series of emission accounting guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories, including the 1996 version 8 , 2006 version 9 and 2019 refinement to the 2006 version 10. In addition, the Paris agreement also requires all parties to provide transparent...

China's efforts to combat climate change have attracted widespread attention since it became the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in 2006. To achieve the 2°C (or even 1.5°C) Global Temperature Target (Wang et al., 2019), China submitted the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the Paris Agreement in 2015 and announced the updated targets in 2020. The government has committed to reducing carbon intensity (i.e., CO 2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP)) by more than 65% compared with the 2005 level, peaking the CO 2 emissions by 2030 (Fu et al., 2015), and increasing the share of non-fossil energy in energy consumption to approximately 25% (Xinhua News Agency, 2020). The peak in China's CO 2 emissions is not only a key target in China's climate change mitigation efforts, but also a necessary condition for a global emissions peak. In 2020, China announced an even more ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. As China's economy has entered a "new normal" of slower economic growth (Zheng et al., 2019), creating less carbon-intensive development pathways, therefore, has become an important strategy.Reliable, transparent, and accurate energy statistics are fundamental to estimating CO 2 emissions, formulating emission reduction policies, promoting energy transition, and mitigating climate change (

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Mangroves have unique intertidal ecosystems of the tropics, which possess prolific biodiversity of actinomycetes. 1 Recent discoveries 2,3 of new species of microorganisms from the ecosystems encouraged us to explore the bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic actinomycetes isolated from mangrove plants. As a result, the cultured broth of the strain I07A-01824, an endophytic Streptomyces albidoflavus, isolated from the leaf of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza collected at Shankou, Guangxi Province, People's Republic of China, was found to show moderate inhibiting activity against Magnaporth grisea. By bioassayguided fractionation, antimycin A 18 (1) was purified by chromatographies. By analyzing the spectroscopic data (including 1D and 2D NMR), its chemical structure was identified to be the first naturally occurring antimycin with an acetoxy group at C-8 (Figure 1).The strain I07A-01824 identified as Streptomyces was isolated from the leaf of B. gymnorrhiza collected at Shankou, Guangxi Province, People's Republic of China. A stock culture of the strain I07A-01824 was maintained on yeast and malt extract with glucose (YMG) agar slant consisting of 0.4% yeast extract (Beijing Aoboxing Biotechnology, Beijing, China), 1% malt extract (Beijing Aoboxing Biotechnology), 0.4% glucose and 1.2% agar (pH 7.2). The stock culture was inoculated into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of seed medium consisting of 0.5% glucose, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% peptone, 0.5% beef extract (Beijing Aoboxing Biotechnology), 0.4% corn steep liquor (North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, Shijiazhuang City, China), 2% soluble starch, 1% soybean meal (Beijing Comwin Pharm-Culture, Beijing, China), 0.4% CaCO 3 and 0.002% CoCl 2 (pH 7.2). The flask culture was incubated on a rotary shaker (180 r.p.m.) at 28 1C for 36 h. The seed culture (50 ml) was transferred into each of 40 5-l Erlenmeyer flasks containing 1 l of the same seed medium. The fermentation was carried out at 28 1C for 72 h on a rotary shaker (180 r.p.m.).The fermentation broth (40 l) was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (40 l). The extract was dried with Na 2