The influence of ethylene and ethylene modulators on shoot organogenesis in tomato

Abstract

Abstract:The influence of ethylene and ethylene modulators on the in vitro organogenesis of tomato was studied using a highly regenerating accession of the wild tomato Solanum pennellii and an F1 plant resulting from a cross between Solanum pennellii and Solanum lycopersicum cv. Anl27, which is known to have a low regeneration frequency. Four ethylene-modulating compounds, each at four levels, were used, namely: cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which inhibits the production of ethylene; AgNO3 (SN), which inhibits ethylene action; and Ethephon and the precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which both promote ethylene synthesis. Leaf explants of each genotype were incubated on shoot induction medium (SIM) supplemented with each of these compounds at 0, 10 or 15 days following bud induction. The results obtained in our assays indicate that ethylene has a significant influence on tomato organogenesis. Concentrations of ethylene lower than the optimum (according to genotype) at the beginning of the culture may decrease the percentage of explants with buds (B), produce a delay in their appearance, or indeed inhibit bud formation. This was observed in S. pennellii and the F1 explants cultured on media with SN (5.8-58.0 µM) as well as in the F1 explants cultured on medium with 21.0 µM CoCl2. The percentage of explants with shoots (R) and the mean number of shoots per explant with shoots (PR) also diminished in media that contained SN. Shoots isolated from these explants were less developed compared to those isolated from control explants. On the other hand, ethylene supplementation may contribute to enhancing shoot development. The number of isolable shoots from S. pennellii explants doubled in media with ACC (9.8-98.0 µM). Shoots isolated from explants treated with ethylene releasing compounds showed a higher number of nodes when ACC and Ethephon were added at 10 days (in F1 explants) or at 15 days (in S. pennellii) after the beginning of culture. Thus, the importance of studying not only the concentration but also the timing of the application of regulators when developing regeneration protocols has been made manifest. An excess of ethylene supplementation may produce an inhibitory effect, as was observed when using Ethephon (17.2-69.0 µM). These results show the involvement of ethylene in tomato organogenesis and lead us to believe that ethylene supplementation may contribute to enhancing regeneration and shoot development in tomato.Response to Reviewers: Dear Dr. Schuyler, Attached please find the revised version of our manuscript TICU5251, "The role of Powered by Editorial Manager® and Preprint Manager® from Aries Systems Corporationethylene in tomato shoot regeneration," which we would like to publish in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. The revised version has been prepared taking into account your comments and those of the reviewers. Below, we have provided a detailed list of the changes made in response to the reviewers' comments. Looking forward to hearing from you. Best Regards, Carmina GisbertAns...

Leaf morphology and shoot regeneration of in vitro cultured explants from species of the Solanum peruvianum s.l. complex

“…was reported from root explants (ParkerNorton and Boll, 1954;Koornneef et al, 1993;Peres et al, 2001), in our assays leaf explants had higher regeneration capacity (B, R, PR, and Y) than roots. High regeneration yield was obtained in S. huaylasense (3.86) and S. corneliomulleri (3.03) as is reported for other wild tomato species like S. pennellii (Trujillo-Moya et al, 2011;Trujillo-Moya and Gisbert, 2012) and S. cheesmanii (Arrillaga et al, 2001). However, lower values were obtained in S. arcanum (1.67) and S. peruvianum (1.35; Table 4).…”

Silver Nitrate and Putrescine Enhance in vitro Shoot Organogenesis in Polygonum tinctorium

“…Several studies reported that ethylene induces shoot regeneration and elongation in some plants 27 . However, micropropagation of many plants is affected by the excessive production of ethylene and accumulation of ethylene reduces the regeneration frequency 21 .…”

Enhanced Shoot Organogenesis in Aloe saponaria Following Treatment with Ethylene Inhibitors and Polyamines

“…Previously, a protocol was established for shoot organogenesis The values are the means ± SD and plant regeneration from meristem explants of A.saponaria 12 , in which the regeneration of aloe species using MS medium with auxins and cytokinins at different concentration 19 was assessed. More recent studies reported that ethylene induces regeneration and shoot elongation in selected plants 20 . Ethylene inhibitors have been shown to improve regeneration and shoot length 21 in A. arborescens and AgNO 3 enhances micropropagation and regeneration frequency 22 .…”