The Influence of Event Characteristics and Actors' Behaviour on the Outcome of Violent Events: Comparing Lethal with Non-Lethal Events

Street Codes, Routine Activities, Neighbourhood Context and Victimization

“…third, previous research has found that, when disputes arise in public areas, mediation by third parties may reduce the severity of the resulting violent incident (e.g. Felson and Steadman 1983;ganpat et al 2013). therefore, bystander intervention training may be a practical method of reducing victimization that arises from interpersonal conflicts.…”

“…As noted by , adherents of the street code frequently behave in ways that are perceived as disrespectful. this behaviour, in turn, encourages other adherents of the code to respond violently in order to save face, increasing the risk of victimization or the intensity of a violent encounter (Wolfgang 1958;Felson and Steadman 1983;ganpat et al 2013). unlike many scholars who assume that the street code creates a condition in which violence is inevitable, Collins (2008) argues that violence is difficult to accomplish and that the street code is generally enacted as posturing in an effort to avoid violence.…”

Elaborating the Correlates of Firearm Injury Severity: Combining Criminological and Public Health Concerns

“…CEP has been previously applied to a variety of events, including lethal or nonlethal outcomes in injurious assaults (Ganpat, van der Leun, & Nieuwbeerta, 2013;Mieczkowski & Beauregard, 2010;Weaver et al, 2004), with the emphasis on precursors and/or transactions with the likelihood of a criminal act, likelihood of victim injury, or the extent of victim injury serving as a final outcome. Few studies have explored aftermaths when it comes to the role and reactions of third parties on an outcome of interest.…”

“…Few studies have explored aftermaths when it comes to the role and reactions of third parties on an outcome of interest. For instance, Ganpat et al (2013) examine the role of third parties in violent events by operationalizing such parties as guardians, bystanders, or witnesses who were present but exogenous to the victim-offender transaction. Third party presence in this instance is measured prior or in parallel to the criminal act.…”

On the Deterrent Effect of Stop, Question, and Frisk

“…Aside from the illegality of carrying an unlicensed firearm, law enforcement interest in the seizure of handguns and the deterrence of their possession is also rooted in “weapon instrumentality.” According to the instrumentality thesis, handguns have a unique capacity to transform otherwise nonlethal disputes into lethal ones. Thus, although handgun removal might not prevent the occurrence of interpersonal disputes, it undoubtedly reduces the lethality of these disputes (Cook, ; Ganpat, Minakoemarie, van der Leun, and Nieuwbeerta, ; Wells and Horney, ).…”