The influence of fuel additives on the formation of carbon during combustion

Kasper, Markus; Sattler, K.; Siegmann, K.; Matter, U.; Siegmann, H. C.

doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00034-2

Cited by 115 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As shown in Table 3, the average fraction of total carbonaceous components for the excavators tested in this study is consistent with that for a marine engine, whereas the element fraction was lower than that for a marine engine (Sippula et al, 2014). Iron oxide is recognized as a catalyst and can promote soot burnout during combustion processes (Kasper et al, 1999). The EC fraction of PM in the excavator exhaust is higher than that reported by Sippula et al (2014), which might be the result of a lower metal fraction in the excavators used for their study.…”

Section: Average Chemical Composition Of Pm In Excavator Exhaustsupporting

confidence: 81%

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

et al. 2017

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Abstract. With the rapid growth in the number of both non-road and on-road diesel vehicles, the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) and its constituents on air quality and human health have attracted increasing attentions. However, studies on the characteristics of PM and its composition emitted from diesel vehicles are still scarce, especially under real-world driving conditions. In this study, six excavators and five trucks that provided a wide range of emission standards and operation modes were tested, and PM emissions and their constituents -including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions (WSIs), elements, and organic species like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes -as well as steranes were analyzed and characterized. The average emission factors for PM (EF PM ) from excavator and truck emissions were 829 ± 806 and 498 ± 234 mg kg −1 fuel, respectively. EF PM and PM constituents were significantly affected by fuel quality, operational mode, and emission standards. A significant correlation (R 2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) was found between EF PM for excavators and the sulfur contents in fuel. The highest average EF PM for working excavators was 904 ± 979 mg kg −1 fuel as a higher engine load required in this mode. From pre-stage 1 to stage 2, the average EF PM for excavators decreased by 58 %. For trucks, the average nonhighway EF PM at 548 ± 311 mg kg −1 fuel was higher than the highway EF PM at 497 ± 231 mg kg −1 fuel. Moreover, the reduction rates were 63.5 and 65.6 % when switched from China II and III to China IV standards, respectively. Generally, the PM composition emitted from excavators was dominated by OC (39.2 ± 21.0 %) and EC (33.3 ± 25.9 %); PM from trucks was dominated by EC (26.9 ± 20.8 %), OC (9.89 ± 12 %), and WSIs (4.67 ± 5.74 %). The average OC / EC ratios for idling and working excavators were 3 to 4 times higher than those for moving excavators. Although the EF PM for excavators and trucks was reduced with the constraint of regulations, the element fractions for excavators increased from 0.49 % in pre-stage 1 to 3.03 % in stage 2, and the fraction of WSIs for the China IV truck was 5 times higher than the average value of all other-level trucks. Furthermore, as compared with other diesel vehicles, wide ranges were found for excavators of the ratios of benzo operation modes. A comparison of our results with those in the literature revealed that on-board measurement data more accurately reflect actual conditions. Although the fractions of the 16 priority PAHs in PM from the excavator and truck emissions were similar, the equivalent concentrations of total benzo[a]pyrene of excavators were 31 times than that for trucks, implying that more attention should be paid to non-road vehicle emissions.

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Section: Average Chemical Composition Of Pm In Excavator Exhaustsupporting

confidence: 81%

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

et al. 2017

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“…It is well known that Fe-based fuel additives such as ferrocene Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 or iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 affect the combustion process by soot reduction (Kasper et al 1999;Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Skillas et al 2000). Most studies explain the reduction of particulate emission by a promotion of the soot oxidation process in the flame (Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Kasper et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies explain the reduction of particulate emission by a promotion of the soot oxidation process in the flame (Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Kasper et al 1999). Miller et al (2007) demonstrated a significant decrease in organic carbon (OC) that accounts for most of the decrease in total carbon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Bladt

Schmid

Kireeva

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Soot aerosol, which is a major pollutant in the atmosphere of urban areas, often contains not only carbonaceous matter but also inorganic material. These species, for example, iron compounds, originated from impurities in fuel or lubricating oil, additives or engine wear may change the physico-chemical characteristics of soot and hence its environmental impact. We studied the change of composition, structure, and oxidation reactivity of laboratory-produced soot aerosol with varying iron content. Soot types of various iron contents were generated in a propane/air diffusion flame by adjusting the doping amount of iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 to the flame. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX) was combined with cluster analysis (CA) to separate individual particles into definable groups of similar chemical composition representing the particle types in dependence of the iron content in soot. Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and infrared spectroscopy were applied for the characterization of the graphitic soot structure, hydrocarbons, and iron species. For the analysis of soot reactivity, temperature-programmed oxidation

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“…If we briefly recall that energy cannot be generated but only be converted from essentially oxidising C-H and C-C bonds into CO 2 and water and if we contemplate of how well (really?) we understand the underlying heterogeneous [3][4][5] and homogeneous processes apart from islands of knowledge for example with internal combustion engines [6][7][8][9] for cars, then we see that there is still much room for generating knowledge leading to conceptual [10] improvement. Such science (electrochemistry, coal science [11][12][13][14], oil chemistry, solids combustion chemistry [15,16]) was popular in the first half of the 20th century but is not widely practiced now, possibly because of its high complexity and thus large phenomenological nature it took in its early days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Energy Systems: The Strategic Role of Chemical Energy Conversion

Schlögl

2016

Top Catal

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In our globalized economy a multitude of energy systems are in operation. They present quite different structures and targets despite their common goal of supplying the energy needs for all societal activities reflecting the different boundary conditions of respective societies. The common quest for sustainability has given renewable electricity and ''solar fuels'' a high attention. The paper describes some underlying systemic aspects of integrating renewable with fossil energy and makes the point that without chemical energy conversion (CEC) this target will not be possible. A non-exhaustive list of grand challenges in CEC is derived. Some aspects of chemical energy science are discussed.

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The influence of fuel additives on the formation of carbon during combustion

Cited by 115 publications

References 16 publications

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Sustainable Energy Systems: The Strategic Role of Chemical Energy Conversion

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