The Influence of Graphene in Improvement of Physico-Mechanical Properties in PMMA Denture Base Resins

Abstract

The clinical performances of dental materials depend on their mechanical profiles, determining their long-term deformation and wear resistance. This paper describes a study on the mechanical properties, water absorption and morphological properties of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin enriched with graphene-silver nanoparticles (Gr-Ag). Two different concentrations—1 and 2 wt.%—of Gr-Ag were loaded into the PMMA material. For the mechanical characterization, the compression behavior, flexural strength and tensile strength were evaluated. Optical microscopy in polarized light and scanning electron microscopy were used for filler analysis. The filler addition led to an improvement in all mechanical properties, with slight changes being derived from the filler content variation. Gr-Ag use led to an increase in the applied maximum loads. Moreover, 1 wt.% Gr-Ag determined an increase of 174% in the modulus of rupture, which indicates high flexibility.

Effect of Antibacterial Silver-Releasing Filler on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Denture Base Material

“…Typical media used are water and artificial saliva; however, using water is recommended by the ISO 20795-1:2013-07 standard for testing the mechanical properties of denture base materials [46]. Moreover, investigations indicate that when distilled water is used, the values of mechanical properties are lower and liquid absorption is higher than after storing in artificial saliva, even if these differences are not statistically significant [58,59]. This shows that using distilled water in these types of experiments was a rational choice, because water has, at least, the same degrading effect in comparison to artificial saliva.…”

Novel Dental Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Containing Phytoncide for Antifungal Effect and Inhibition of Oral Multispecies Biofilm

“…This result implies that incorporating phytoncide does not have any effects on the surface hardness of PMMA. The mechanical properties of dentures play an important role in clinical performance [3]. For the flexural strength, the 1.25% PT and 2.5% PT groups along with the control fulfilled the minimum requirements (60 MPa) specified in the International Standard of ISO 20795-1 [18].…”

“…The mechanical properties were measured according to ISO 20795-1 [18]. Five groups of samples were fabricated, with dimensions of 64 × 10 (b) × 3.3 (h) mm 3 . A computer-controlled universal testing machine (Model 3366; Instron ® , Norwood, MA, USA) was used to fracture the specimens in three-point flexure.…”

“…With an aging population, the number of denture users are expected to increase gradually, which would consequently increase the expectations from such polymer [2]. The prerequisite for polymer used as the denture base material is to have an excellent biocompatibility and high wear resistance, in addition to stable physical properties [3]. In particular, mechanical property is an important factor, as the denture base should be resistant to fracture and mastication force [4].…”

Reduced Graphene Oxide-Zinc Oxide Flower-Like Composite for Glass-Ionomer Materials Reinforcement

“…Graphene and its derivatives have been tested for mechanical reinforcement of certain materials in dentistry 31 , as in hydroxyapatite composites 32 , in calcium silicate cement 33 , in polymethyl methacrylate [34][35][36] and glass-ionomer cement 37,38 . In these works, there were reported improvements in mechanical properties with the incorporation of graphene or its derivatives.…”