The Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Melting Deposition

Wang, Wei; Xu, Xiaowen; Xu, Guojian; Liu, Weijun; Xing, Fei

doi:10.3390/ma13184087

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Good biomedical materials for orthopedic implants with long-term service need a combination of a low Young's modulus, close proximity to the human bone, and high strength to avoid the known "stress shielding effect" [1][2][3][4][5]. Among many investigated biocompatible materials, non-cytotoxic β-Ti alloys have been developed in recent decades [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], as these alloys have the most attractive combination of a low Young's modulus, high mechanical strength, and high ductility. This property combination can also ensure good processability (i.e., plastic deformation, machinability, welding, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Mechanical Properties of a β-type Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O Alloy

Cojocaru

Nocivin

Trisca-Rusu

et al. 2020

Metals

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The influence of complex thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) on the mechanical properties of a Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O bio-alloy was investigated in this study. The proposed TMP program involves a schema featuring a series of severe plastic deformation (SPD) and solution treatment (STs). The purpose of this study was to find the proper parameter combination for the applied TMP and thus enhance the mechanical strength and diminish the Young’s modulus. The proposed chemical composition of the studied β-type Ti-alloy was conceived from already-appreciated Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloys with high β-stability by replacing the expensive Ta with more accessible Fe and O. These chemical additions are expected to better enhance β-stability and thus avoid the generation of ω, α’, and α” during complex TMP, as well as allow for the processing of a single bcc β-phase with significant grain diminution, increased mechanical strength, and a low elasticity value/Young’s modulus. The proposed TMP program considers two research directions of TMP experiments. For comparisons using structural and mechanical perspectives, the two categories of the experimental samples were analyzed using SEM microscopy and a series of tensile tests. The comparison also included some already published results for similar alloys. The analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages for all compared categories, with the conclusions highlighting that the studied alloys are suitable for expanding the database of possible β-Ti bio-alloys that could be used depending on the specific requirements of different biomedical implant applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Mechanical Properties of a β-type Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O Alloy

Cojocaru

Nocivin

Trisca-Rusu

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…Values of the HV5 hardness (Planes shown in Fig.2) our alloy is sufficient for numerous applications. Moreover, as was reported by Zhang et al[76] and Wang et al[77] the fracture toughness of SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy can be significantly improved by dedicated processing, if needed. It should be added that a wide review of results on mechanical parameters of SLM Titanium grade 23 and SLM Titanium grade 5 (and their comparison) is done in the paper of Krakhmalev et al[78].…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…for Ti-6Al-4V alloy [81] and by He et al [82] for β titanium alloy. On the other hand, ductile fracture was found in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by the electron beam and laser melting ( [83] and [77], respectively). Predominantly ductile fracture was usually observed in wrought Ti-6Al-4V [84] and [85], and in the hot isostatic pressed one [74], and a brittle failure mechanism was identified only locally [86].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Titanium grade 23 produced by selective laser melting

Nikiel

Wróbel

Szczepanik

et al. 2021

Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng

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Selective laser melted Titanium grade 23 was characterized by low porosity, relatively large surface roughness and pronounced surface texture (i.e. surface grooves orientation). The band/layer microstructure was built of mixed α and β phases. The as printed structure exhibited very high compressive residual stresses with strong anisotropy (i.e., − 512 ± 17 MPa and − 282 ± 14 MPa along the laser scanning direction and along the transverse direction, respectively) and strong fiber crystallographic texture. The latter one is responsible for the anisotropy of hardness in the material. Annealing at 600 °C during four hours significantly removed residual stresses (i.e. to − 14 ± 2.8 MPa) and slightly weakened the texture. Yield strength, 1120 ± 50 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength, 1210 ± 50 MPa, of the annealed material are significantly higher and tensile elongation, 3.9%, lower than for commercial Titanium grade 23. Final mechanical polishing to obtain flat and relatively smooth surface induced desired compression residual stress in the subsurface (i.e., equal to about − 90 MPa). Low absorbed gas contents (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen) and low porosity of the printed material indicates the correctness of the technology and allows the printed material to be classified as meeting the requirements of ASTM standards for Titanium grade 23. Besides traditional testing techniques, the optical profilometry, X-ray analysis (texture and residual stresses measurement) and infrared absorption method were applied for the product characterization and some potential of these testing methods and usefulness in technological practice was discussed, what can be particularly interesting both to practitioners from industry and researches from scientific laboratories.

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“…These values agree relatively well with those measurements quoted in the literature [22,23] for as-cast Ti-6Al-4V hardness, typically around the 330 to 340 HV0.3 level. Although it is appreciated that precise heat treatments during the initial manufacture are unspecified and could give some variation in the hardness absolute values [24]. This again offers support for the hypothesis that some thin layer of α-case formation at the surface is hardening the bar, and overly constraining the surface.…”

Section: Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 83%

Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Bar for Aerospace Fastener Pin Axial Forging

Turner,

Smith,

Zneimer

et al. 2024

Mater. Plus

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Ti-6Al-4V warm forged fasteners are a critical part of the aerospace industry, as they are used in vast quantities for mechanical joining of components for the fuselage, wing-skin and aero-engine. These components are produced in vast quantities at rapid production rates through multi-blow axial forging However the rate that they are manufactured means that manufacturers rely upon periodic part conformance testing to understand if the part is within tolerance or if any undesirable manufacturing defects such as cracks or underfilling are present. Thus, a right-first-time manufacturing approach is essential to minimize non-conformant scrap. An analysis of the Ti-6Al-4V supplied raw material for axial forging, in a variety of different bar diameter sizes and from different industrial suppliers, was conducted. This was to attempt to understand whether material property variation or operator variation was the root cause for some material behaving differently during the manufacture route. Experimental testing was performed through microstructure characterization and mechanical testing methods. The volume fraction of the β-phase was noted to be marginally higher in material with good forgeability. The hardness of the inner core of the bar appears to be a critical material property for the Ti-6Al4V bar, with an overly hard bar-core hindering forgeability of the bar. This is believed to be due to the hotter central region malleability being key for forgeability. Micro-void porosity was also noted which could lead to stress concentration locations, or crack initiation, and as such is a deleterious property for forgeability. The experienced forgeability of the Ti-6Al-4V bars have been demonstrated to be sensitive to rather small variation in measured microstructure and mechanical property. It is believed that cumulative impacts of small differences, 1% variation in α-phase volume fraction, small variations in elongation to failure, 1% variation in elastic modulus and microhardness profile variation at the center of the bar of less than 10 HV0.3, can combine to significantly impact the forgeability of Ti-6Al-4V bar.

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The Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Melting Deposition

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Improving the Mechanical Properties of a β-type Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O Alloy

Improving the Mechanical Properties of a β-type Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O Alloy

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Titanium grade 23 produced by selective laser melting

Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Bar for Aerospace Fastener Pin Axial Forging

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