The influence of nano MgO and BaSO4 particle size additives on properties of PMMA bone cement

Abstract

Abstract:A common technique to aid in implant fi xation into surrounding bone is to inject bone cement into the space between the implant and surrounding bone. The most common bone cement material used clinically today is poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA. Although promising, there are numerous disadvantages of using PMMA in bone fi xation applications which has limited its wide spread use. Specifi cally, the PMMA polymerization reaction is highly exothermic in situ, thus, damaging surrounding bone tissue while curing. In addition, PMMA by itself is not visible using typical medical imaging techniques (such as X-rays required to assess new bone formation surrounding the implant). Lastly, although PMMA does support new bone growth, studies have highlighted decreased osteoblast (bone forming cell) functions on PMMA compared to other common orthopedic coating materials, such as calcium phosphates and hydroxyapatite. For these reasons, the goal of this study was to begin to investigate novel additives to PMMA which can enhance its cytocompatibility properties with osteoblasts, decrease its exothermic reaction when curing, and increase its radiopacity. Results of this study demonstrated that compared to conventional (or micron) equivalents, PMMA with nanoparticles of MgO and BaSO 4 reduced harmful exothermic reactions of PMMA during solidifi cation and increased radiopacity, respectively. Moreover, osteoblast adhesion increased on PMMA with nanoparticles of MgO and BaSO 4 compared with PMMA alone. This study, thus, suggests that nanoparticles of MgO and BaSO 4 should be further studied for improving properties of PMMA for orthopedic applications.

Biological Fixation of Bioactive Bone Cement in Vertebroplasty: The First Clinical Investigation of Borosilicate Glass (BSG) Reinforced PMMA Bone Cement

“…Different percentages of BSGs were added to PMMA to understand the effect of BSGs on the polymerization of PMMA, where the BSGs could potentially inhibit the polymerization, weakening its strength. 51 This study found that the addition of 10% of BSGs was the most optimal. At this concentration, the BSGs released optimal concentrations of ions of boron or strontium and provided an alkaline pH microenvironment of about 8, inhibiting osteoclast activity and enhancing osteoblast activity.…”

“…Therefore, this study synthesized a composite, 10-BSG/PMMA, to improve the bioactivity of PMMA without adversely affecting its mechanical properties. Different percentages of BSGs were added to PMMA to understand the effect of BSGs on the polymerization of PMMA, where the BSGs could potentially inhibit the polymerization, weakening its strength . This study found that the addition of 10% of BSGs was the most optimal.…”

Effect of Physiological Fluids Contamination on Selected Mechanical Properties of Acrylate Bone Cement

“…The hydrolysis-resistant titanium–bone cement interface, has been, furthermore, proven to counteract aseptic loosening by modifying the cement substrate with methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane [48]. Other bone cement additives that have been put to test are microhydroxyapatite, -magnesium oxide, -barium sulphate and -silica particles [15,36,37], as well as methacrylate crosslinkers ethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (EG-DMA) [15,57,58] or hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [15,59], and finally, triethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (TEG-DMA) [15,60,61]. PMMA cement supplementation with vancomycin was assessed in the study by Ajit Singh et al [30], who concluded that even a 2 g addition of the drug per a 40 g container of cement (5% by weight) significantly affects the degradation of the three-point bending flexural strength.…”

“…Far too little attention has been paid to the effect of contamination on the cement strength properties, in particular in the presence of human blood [34]. The focus of bone-cement studies is on admixtures of auxiliary agents, supplied to improve the material’s properties, including strength [22,26,33,35,36,37,38].…”

Characterization of a high strength hydroxyapatite cement with dual chelate‐setting using phytic acid and citric acid

“…The polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement 5–7 and calcium phosphate cement (CPC) have been used clinically as bone repair materials 8–12 . Although PMMA bone cements are used in most clinical treatments for orthopedic implants due to their high strength and good plasticity, PMMA bone cements still suffer from the potential risk of massive exothermic reaction in curing process and monomeric cytotoxicity 13,14 . In addition, comparing to hydroxyapatite (HA) or CPC, the biocompatibility and biomineralization properties of PMMA need to be further improved.…”