The influence of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on the cognitive and subjective effects of cigarette smoking.

Juliano, Laura M.; Fucito, Lisa M.; Harrell, Paul T.

doi:10.1037/a0022937

Cited by 41 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Interestingly, one PET study found that negative drug prediction errors (i.e., alcohol expected but not delivered) decreased striatal DA concentrations while positive drug prediction errors (i.e., alcohol not expected but delivered) increased striatal DA levels in individuals with alcohol dependence (21), which is consistent with our finding of modifiable striatal responses by beliefs. Furthermore, our findings extend previous results showing the impact of beliefs on behavioral performances and subjective states related to nicotine intake (15)(16)(17)20) by detailing the specific neural and computational mechanisms underlying the impact of beliefs on drug effects. These selective effects demonstrate that belief can modulate model-based parameters important for learning and suggest that belief serves as an important cognitive mechanism in addiction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…We calculated the weight of market return r t on next bet b t+1 , using a linear mixed-effects multiple-regression model (details in Materials and Methods). Compared with when told nicotine, the regression coefficient of r t on next bet b t+1 was significantly reduced when subjects were told no nicotine [t (16,885) = 5.07, P < 0.0001, Fig. 2C; Table S3 shows list of all regressors], even though they smoked nicotine in both conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These treatment effects are putatively accomplished by neurobiological processes usually associated with pharmacological actions of active drugs, even though active drugs are not administered (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Interestingly, beliefs also directly impact behavioral (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and neurophysiological (21-26) responses when addictive drugs are administered. Drug dependence is a learned process in which cognitive factors are critical (2,5,(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Belief about nicotine selectively modulates value and reward prediction error signals in smokers

Lohrenz

Salas

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Little is known about how prior beliefs impact biophysically described processes in the presence of neuroactive drugs, which presents a profound challenge to the understanding of the mechanisms and treatments of addiction. We engineered smokers' prior beliefs about the presence of nicotine in a cigarette smoked before a functional magnetic resonance imaging session where subjects carried out a sequential choice task. Using a model-based approach, we show that smokers' beliefs about nicotine specifically modulated learning signals (value and reward prediction error) defined by a computational model of mesolimbic dopamine systems. Belief of "no nicotine in cigarette" (compared with "nicotine in cigarette") strongly diminished neural responses in the striatum to value and reward prediction errors and reduced the impact of both on smokers' choices. These effects of belief could not be explained by global changes in visual attention and were specific to value and reward prediction errors. Thus, by modulating the expression of computationally explicit signals important for valuation and choice, beliefs can override the physical presence of a potent neuroactive compound like nicotine. These selective effects of belief demonstrate that belief can modulate modelbased parameters important for learning. The implications of these findings may be far ranging because belief-dependent effects on learning signals could impact a host of other behaviors in addiction as well as in other mental health problems.O ne materialist view of mental function suggests that even the most abstract beliefs can be represented in terms of physiological states available to the brain (1). These mappings are critical in conditions like drug addiction, where our ignorance of how prior beliefs about drugs influence physiological processes related to drugs of abuse presents a profound challenge to the understanding of the mechanism and treatment of addiction (2, 3). Although extensive work has shown that addictive drugs act on the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) pathway (2, 4), it has become clear that these purely biochemical explanations are not sufficient to account for the huge heterogeneity among drug-dependent individuals and the low success rate of quitting and remaining drug-free (2, 5) and that cognitive factors such as beliefs and expectations have a profound impact on drug-related neurobiological effects (6, 7).Beliefs are known to contribute to the placebo effect. The placebo effect is a treatment effect not caused by the physical presence of an active drug, but rather by the meaning ascribed to it and the subjective expectation of receiving a treatment (8, 9). A subject's belief that he or she is receiving a treatment could lead to observable improvement even in the absence of active drugs. These treatment effects are putatively accomplished by neurobiological processes usually associated with pharmacological actions of active drugs, even though active drugs are not administered (10-14). Interestingly, beliefs also directly impact behavioral...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Belief about nicotine selectively modulates value and reward prediction error signals in smokers

Lohrenz

Salas

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Six targets/min were presented for 10 min with a response window of 800 ms. The variable of interest was A′, a measure of discriminability between targets and nontargets, rather than the number of hits or reaction times, as the former is more sensitive to effects of nicotine (Foulds et al, 1996;Juliano et al, 2011;Leventhal et al, 2010).…”

Section: Rapid Visual Information Processing Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior work has indicated that in 18-60 year-olds, smoking a cigarette delivering o0.1 mg nicotine alleviates craving and withdrawal less (albeit non-significantly) than a conventional cigarette (Buchhalter et al, 2001;Rose et al, 2000), but that cigarettes delivering~0.05 mg nicotine provide relief as effectively as conventional cigarettes when smoked ad libitum for 90 min (Dallery et al, 2003;Tidey et al, 2013) or 4 h (Eid et al, 2005). Further, performance on the Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP), a test of sustained attention, indicated greater discriminability between targets and non-targets (indicating increased sustained attention) after smoking a cigarette delivering 0.6 mg nicotine vs a cigarette delivering 0.05 mg nicotine (Juliano et al, 2011), but performance before and after smoking was not compared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Faulkner

Ghahremani

Tyndale

et al. 2017

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The use of cigarettes delivering different nicotine doses allows evaluation of the contribution of nicotine to the smoking experience. We compared responses of 46 young adult smokers to research cigarettes, delivering 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and conventional cigarettes. On five separate days, craving, withdrawal, affect, and sustained attention were measured after overnight abstinence and again after smoking. Participants also rated each cigarette, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers. All cigarettes equally alleviated craving, withdrawal, and negative affect in the whole sample, but normal metabolizers reported greater reductions of craving and withdrawal than slow metabolizers, with dose-dependent effects. Only conventional cigarettes and, to a lesser degree, 0.763-mg nicotine research cigarettes increased sustained attention. Finally, there were no differences between ratings of lower-dose cigarettes, but the 0.763-mg cigarettes and (even more so) conventional cigarettes were rated more favorably than lower-dose cigarettes. The findings indicate that smoking-induced relief of craving and withdrawal reflects primarily non-nicotine effects in slow metabolizers, but depends on nicotine dose in normal metabolizers. By contrast, relief of withdrawal-related attentional deficits and cigarette ratings depend on nicotine dose regardless of metabolizer status. These findings have bearing on the use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation and on policy regarding regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. They suggest that normal and slow nicotine metabolizers would respond differently to nicotine reduction in cigarettes, but that irrespective of metabolizer status, reductions to o0.763 mg/cigarette may contribute to temporary attentional deficits.

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Understanding the Role of Substance Expectancies in Addiction

Metrik¹,

Rohsenow²

2013

The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology

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The influence of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on the cognitive and subjective effects of cigarette smoking.

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Belief about nicotine selectively modulates value and reward prediction error signals in smokers

Belief about nicotine selectively modulates value and reward prediction error signals in smokers

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Understanding the Role of Substance Expectancies in Addiction

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