The Influence of Protonation on the Electroreduction of Bi (III) Ions in Chlorates (VII) Solutions of Different Water Activity

Abstract

We examined the electroreduction of Bi (III) ions in chlorate (VII) solutions under varied protonation conditions of the depolariser using voltammetric and impedance methods. The results of the kinetic parameter correlation lead to the statement that the changes in the amount of chloric (VII) acid against the amount of its sodium salt in the supporting electrolytes of the low water activity have a significant influence on the rate of Bi (III) ion electroreduction. The increase of the concentration of chloric acid sodium salt, as well as the chloric (VII) acid alone within the particular concentration of the supporting electrolyte, inhibits the process of Bi (III) ion electroreduction. It should be associated with the reorganisation of the structure of the double layer connected with the slow dehydration inhibited by ClO 4 − ions. The standard rate constants k s values with the increase of the chlorate (VII) concentrations for all the solutions examined of chlorates (VII) confirms the catalytic influence of the decrease of water activity on the process of Bi (III) ion electroreduction. The multistage process is confirmed by the non-rectilinear 1nk f =f(E) dependences.

Impact of anionic polyacrylamide on stability and surface properties of the Al2O3–polymer solution system at different temperatures

“…The adsorption process at gas–solid and liquid–solid interfaces finds widespread applications in the environmental protection. Different kinds of adsorbents are used in order to reduce atmospheric emissions of harmful gases and vapors [ 1 – 4 ], as well as for removal of poisonous chemical compounds dissolved or dispersed in wastewaters [ 5 – 12 ].…”

Electroreduction of Bi(III) ions in the aspect of expanding the “cap-pair” effect: the role of the nanosized active complexes

“…T h e s u p p o r t i n g e l e c t r o ly t e s x m o l · d m − 3 NaClO 4 + 1 mol·dm −3 HClO 4 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7) or the 2, 4 and 6 mol•dm −3 chlorate(VII) solutions of HClO 4 :NaClO 4 concentration ratios: (1:1) solution A, (1:4) solution B, (1:9) solution C, (4:1) solution D, (9:1) solution E were examined (Nosal-Wiercińska et al 2015). A solution of 1·10 -3 mol·dm −3 Bi(III) in the chlorates(VII) was the supporting electrolyte.…”

Electroreduction of Bi(III) Ions in the Aspect of Expanding the ”Cap – Pair” Effect

“…Significant differences in the kinetics and mechanism of the Bi(III) ion electroreduction process were observed due to the change of HClO4:NaClO4 ratio in 2 mol·dm -3 -6 mol·dm -3 chlorate(VII) solutions [36] and the presence of homocysteine, homocystine or ethionine [29,37,38].…”

“…The supporting electrolytes x mol·dm -3 NaClO4 + 1 mol·dm -3 HClO4 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7) or the 2, 4 and 6 mol•dm -3 chlorate(VII) solutions of HClO4:NaClO4 concentration ratios: (1:1) solution A, (1:4) solution B, (1:9) solution C, (4:1) solution D, (9:1) solution E were examined [36]. A solution of 1·10 -3 mol·dm -3 Bi(III) in the chlorates(VII) was the supporting electrolyte.…”