The influence of rearing conditions on maternal behavior in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Parity-related differences in suckling behavior and nipple preference among free-ranging Japanese macaques

“…Thus, primiparous mothers might also supplement the physiological flaw by behavioral means. These compensatory behaviors only in primiparous mother-infant dyads accord with the study of cynomologus macaques where primiparous and multiparous mothers were equally successful in rearing their young despite a number of significant behavioral differences [Timmermans & Vossen, 1996] although this additional burden on primiparae might be linked with prolonged interbirth intervals (from the first to the second birth) of primiparous Japanese macaque mothers [Hiraiwa, 1981].…”

“…However, in cynomologus macaques, primiparous and multiparous mothers were equally successful in rearing their young [Timmermans & Vossen, 1996]. This gap suggests an unknown compensatory system.…”

The influence of repeated motherhood on periparturitional behavior in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

“…Despite a number of significant differences, primiparous and multiparous mothers are equally successful in rearing their young (Timmermans and Vossen, 1996). Seay (1966) also found that in rhesus macaques there is no difference between primiparae and multiparae concerning the adequacy of care-taking.…”

“…This means that only if the primiparous mother, at the moment of child birth, immediately performs the essential manipulations to keep her infant can she learn about infant care. Timmermans and Vossen (1996) concluded that the essential manipulations that occur at birth are performed by primiparae without previous practice. If the primipara meets this requirement, then learning ad hoc how to hold the neonate properly and allow it to move to the ventroventral position, or to bring it in that position, seems possible.…”

“…The cases include one cynomolgus monkey (Timmermans and Vossen, 1996), and several chimpanzees (Nissen and Yerkes, 1943;Rogers and Davenport, 1970;Coe, 1990). Coe (1990) remarked that such cases deserve more attention.…”