The influence of salinity on toxicological effects of arsenic in digestive gland of clam Ruditapes philippinarum using metabolomics

Abstract

Ruditapes philippinarum , a clam that thrives in intertidal zones of various salinities, is a useful biomonitor to marine contaminants. We investigated the infl uence of dilution to 75% and 50% of normal seawater salinity (31.1) on the responses of the digestive gland of R . philippinarum to arsenic exposure (20 μg/L), using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. After acute arsenic exposure for 48 h, salinity-dependent differential metabolic responses were detected. In normal seawater, arsenic exposure increased the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, and of threonine, proline, phosphocholine and adenosine, and it decreased the levels of alanine, hypotaurine, glucose, glycogen and ATP in the digestive glands. Differential changes in metabolic biomarkers observed at lower salinity (~23.3) included elevation of succinate, taurine and ATP, and depletion of branched-chain amino acids, threonine and glutamine. Unique effects of arsenic at the lowest salinity (~15.6) included down-regulation of glutamate, succinate and ADP, and up-regulation of phosphocholine. We conclude that salinity infl uences the metabolic responses of this clam to arsenic.

Combination of HPLC with organic and inorganic mass spectrometry to study the metabolic response of the clam Scrobicularia plana to arsenic exposure

“…A) . Membrane phospholipids are important targets of free radicals action, resulting in lipid peroxidation that leads to the loss of membrane integrity and function, which has been demonstrated by other authors . This observation is corroborated by the altered levels of free fatty acids (Table ), such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid detected by ESI‐ analysis in the polar extract.…”

Toxic effects of exposure to microplastics with environmentally relevant shapes and concentrations: Accumulation, energy metabolism and tissue damage in oyster Crassostrea gigas

“…Alteration of ATP/ADP levels, along with arginine, has been reported in marine mollusks in response to different types of stress (Jones et al, 2008;Spann et al, 2011;Viant et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2011). Furthermore, metabolomics studies revealed that glycine content is related to the health states of oysters and clams, with reductions of this amino acid occurring after infection with pathogens (Liu et al, 2013), exposure to heavy metals (Ji et al, 2013), and under hypo-osmotic conditions (Meng et al, 2013).…”

Comparison of the flavor qualities between two varieties of Mercenaria mercenaria

“…This result was consistent with the role of glycine as a common osmolyte in marine bivalves 44 , 46 . Previous studies revealed that glycine content was related to the health state of oysters and clams, with reductions in this amino acid occurring after infection with pathogens 47 , after exposure to heavy metals 48 , and under hypo-osmotic conditions 49 . Young et al also demonstrated that glycine content is significantly reduced in poor-quality cohorts 50 .…”