The Influence of Temperature on the Shape of Ice Crystals Growing at Water Saturation

Kampe, H. J. aufm; Weickmann, H. K.; Kelly, Joseph J.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1951)008<0168:tiotot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 65 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…One exception to this was the pioneering work of H. K. Weickmann (Weickmann 1945;aufm Kampe et al 1951) in Germany during the Second World War, who flew an open cockpit plane through clouds ranging from stratiform to cirrus. While holding lacquer-coated shingles in the airstream, Weickmann captured and replicated ice crystals, obtaining a fairly accurate picture of in situ habits as a function of temperature.…”

Section: Airs II and Other Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately for the atmospheric community, Weickmann's work went largely unnoticed while more attention was paid to the work of Nakaya (1954), Kobayashi (1957Kobayashi ( , 1961, and others, which at times was skewed by experimental artifacts as discussed in BH02. Weickmann's field observations, together with subsequent laboratory studies (aufm Kampe et al 1951), indicated the predominance of plates and platelike polycrystalline forms at temperatures near 2208C and colder, with a variable mix of hollow and solid columnar (''prism'') forms, as opposed to the columnar habit designated in many of the currently accepted habit diagrams, although even Weickmann at times misidentified complex polycrystals as aggregates.…”

Section: Airs II and Other Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Habit Diagram for Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Confirmation from the Laboratory, AIRS II, and Other Field Studies

Bailey

Hallett

2009

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

377

327

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Recent laboratory experiments and in situ observations have produced results in broad agreement with respect to ice crystal habits in the atmosphere. These studies reveal that the ice crystal habit at 2208C is platelike, extending to 2408C, and not columnar as indicated in many habit diagrams found in atmospheric science journals and texts. These diagrams were typically derived decades ago from laboratory studies, some with inherent habit bias, or from combinations of laboratory and in situ observations at the ground, observations that often did not account for habit modification by precipitation from overlying clouds of varying temperatures. Habit predictions from these diagrams often disagreed with in situ observations at temperatures below 2208C. More recent laboratory and in situ studies have achieved a consensus on atmospheric ice crystal habits that differs from the traditional habit diagrams. These newer results can now be combined to give a comprehensive description of ice crystal habits for the atmosphere as a function of temperature and ice supersaturation for temperatures from 08 to 2708C, a description dominated by irregular and imperfect crystals. Cloud particle imager (CPI) habit observations made during the Second Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS II) and elsewhere corroborate this comprehensive habit description, and a new habit diagram is derived from these results.

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Section: Airs II and Other Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Airs II and Other Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Habit Diagram for Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Confirmation from the Laboratory, AIRS II, and Other Field Studies

Bailey

Hallett

2009

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

377

327

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“…This is the onset of the research on snow crystals as natural science. Since then many experimental researches on growth forms have been carried out by Nakaya school (Hanajima, 1944Nakaya, 1951Nakaya, , 1954, Aufm Kampe, Weickmann and Kelly (1951), Mason (1953), Kobayashi (1957Kobayashi ( , 1961, Hallett and Mason (1958), and others. These results have been consolidated in Kobayashi diagram (Fig.…”

Section: Growth Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Kinetics of Ice Single Crystal from Vapour Phase and Variation of its Growth Form

Kuroda

1982

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…According to the results of experimental studies of the relation between growth forms of artificial snow crystals and growth conditions (Nakaya, 1951(Nakaya, , 1954Aufm Kampe et al, 1951;Mason, 1953;Kobayashi, 1957Kobayashi, , 1958Kobayashi, , 1961Hallett and Mason, 1958), the remarkable variation of growth forms has following features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate Determining Processes of Growth of Ice Crystals from the Vapour Phase

Kuroda

Gonda

1984

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Growth rates of basal and prism faces of ice crystals from the vapour phase have been measured as functions of the supersaturation at infinity from the crystal surface at -30* and at air pressures 250 and 0.3 Torr*.Contributions of the volume diffusion process of water molecules, the surface kinetic process and the conduction process of the sublimation heat to the measured growth rates have been quantitatively discussed on the basis of theoretical consideration in the companion paper (Kuroda, 1984). The dependence on supersaturation at the crystal surface and air pressure of the kinetic coefficient or the condensation coefficient has been obtained by combining the theory of the companion paper with the experiments.It should be noted that an increase in air pressure makes not only the diffusion process slower, but also the surface kinetic process inactive.

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The Influence of Temperature on the Shape of Ice Crystals Growing at Water Saturation

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

A Comprehensive Habit Diagram for Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Confirmation from the Laboratory, AIRS II, and Other Field Studies

A Comprehensive Habit Diagram for Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Confirmation from the Laboratory, AIRS II, and Other Field Studies

Growth Kinetics of Ice Single Crystal from Vapour Phase and Variation of its Growth Form

Rate Determining Processes of Growth of Ice Crystals from the Vapour Phase

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