The influence of the pycnocline and cage resistance on current flow, oxygen flux and swimming behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in production cages

Johansson, David; Juell, Jon‐Erik; Oppedal, Frode; Stiansen, Jan-Erik; Ruohonen, Kari

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.047

Cited by 152 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The flow of the water currents in the area where the fish farm is established is very important, especially when decisions are made for the location of the fish farm. Hyperoxic conditions are unlikely to be found in the natural environment, whereas hypoxic conditions can and do occur particularly within fish farm cages [7]. Oxygen levels within the sea cages can be affected by the fish density in the cages and by any possible change in the currents that come through the cage [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving aeration for efficient oxygenation in sea bass sea cages. Blood, brain and gill histology

et al. 2016

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An air diffusion based system (Airx) was developed to control the dissolved oxygen levels in aquaculture sea cages. The system was introduced and then tested for 37 days in a sea bass sea cage (aerated cage). A second sea bass sea cage, without the AirX, was used as a control. Oxygen levels were measured in both cages at the start of the trial, before the AirX system was introduced, and during the working period of the AirX system. Fish samples were collected 15 days after the AirX system was introduced and at the end of the experiment. Blood smears were prepared and examined microscopically. Erythrocyte major axis, minor axis and area of fish erythrocytes were measured. Leucocyte differentiation was also examined. In the control cage, the fish had significantly larger red blood cells when compared with the red blood cells of the fish in the aerated cage. Histological examination of the gills and brain revealed no morphological differences or alterations between the two groups of fish. This study demonstrated that an air diffuser system could improve the water quality of fish farmed in sea cages and enhance sea bass physiological performance, especially if DO levels fall below 60% oxygen saturation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving aeration for efficient oxygenation in sea bass sea cages. Blood, brain and gill histology

et al. 2016

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“…Maintaining DO levels is key to effective production (Oppedal et al 2011a(Oppedal et al , 2011b and low DO levels are problematic in modern production settings (Johansson et al 2006(Johansson et al , 2007. Reduced DO levels inside cages, and clear relationships between DO levels and short-term water exchange are well documented.…”

Section: Restriction Of Water Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review

et al. 2012

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Biofouling in marine aquaculture is a specific problem where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms, with significant production impacts. In shellfish aquaculture the key impact is the direct fouling of stock causing physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, while infrastructure is also impacted. In contrast, the key impact in finfish aquaculture is the fouling of infrastructure which restricts water exchange, increases disease risk and causes deformation of cages and structures. Consequently, the economic costs associated with biofouling control are substantial. Conservative estimates are consistently between 5-10% of production costs (equivalent to US$ 1.5 to 3 billion yr 71 ), illustrating the need for effective mitigation methods and technologies. The control of biofouling in aquaculture is achieved through the avoidance of natural recruitment, physical removal and the use of antifoulants. However, the continued rise and expansion of the aquaculture industry and the increasingly stringent legislation for biocides in food production necessitates the development of innovative antifouling strategies. These must meet environmental, societal, and economic benchmarks while effectively preventing the settlement and growth of resilient multi-species consortia of biofouling organisms.

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“…At sheltered farming sites current velocities outside cages are typically less than 20 cm s -1 47 (Johansson et al, 2007), where the swimming speed of S. salar is independent of the current To define the water current thresholds that secure salmon welfare in exposed aquaculture, 59 it has been proposed to use the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (Remen et al, 2016). Ucrit is 60 obtained in swim trials by an incremental increase in water velocity until the fish fatigues 61 (Brett, 1964), and theoretically provides a good estimate of swimming capabilities in fish that 62 experience strong currents (Plaut, 2001 …”

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confidence: 99%

Assessing swimming capacity and schooling behaviour in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with experimental push-cages

et al. 2017

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The influence of the pycnocline and cage resistance on current flow, oxygen flux and swimming behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in production cages

Cited by 152 publications

References 36 publications

Improving aeration for efficient oxygenation in sea bass sea cages. Blood, brain and gill histology

Improving aeration for efficient oxygenation in sea bass sea cages. Blood, brain and gill histology

The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review

Assessing swimming capacity and schooling behaviour in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with experimental push-cages

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