The Influence of Toothpaste Containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Oral Hygiene and Microbiome in Patients Requiring Conservative Procedures

Abstract

The study was based on the use of a toothpaste with antiphlogistic activity, containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil—TTO) and ethanolic extract of Polish propolis (EEP). Fifty-one patients with varying conditions of the gingiva were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. Approximal plaque index (API), simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s) and modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination, swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. During the period of use of toothpastes with TTO and EEP, a significant reduction of the API was observed, as assessed upon the control visit after 7 days and after 28 days, compared to baseline. A statistically significant reduction of mSBI was observed after 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, as compared to the value upon the initial visit. Statistically significant differences in the OHI-s value were observed in the study group, which was using the active toothpaste. The use of a toothpaste containing TTO and EEP helps to maintain microbiome balance. The observed stabilisation of bacterial microflora confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group, where the lack of these substances contributed to the emergence of qualitative and quantitative changes in oral microbiome.

Effect of Ardox-X Active Oxygen-Containing Toothpaste on Periodontal Parameters in Dentate and Implant-Wearing Patients

“…Antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine mouthwash, (21) toothpaste containing thiocyanate and carbamide peroxide, (17) and toothpaste containing propolis, (15,16) can influence periodontal disease parameters, such as gingivitis and gingival bleeding, and oral hygiene, which is in line with the results of the present study, indicating that Ardox-X active oxygen can reduce gingival bleeding. Fernandez Y Mostajo et al investigated the antimicrobial potential of Ardox-X active oxygen in the form of mouthwash on oral bacteria and dental plaque.…”

“…(12)(13)(14) Previous studies have shown that toothpastes containing therapeutic agents, such as propolis, thiocyanate, and carbamide peroxide, can be effective in improving periodontal parameters such as reducing gingival bleeding. (15)(16)(17) Another substance that can be used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for implant hygiene is active oxygen with Ardox-X technology. Ardox-X, as an auxiliary active substance in mouthwashes, has been effective in the treatment and prevention of periodontitis and peri-implantitis.…”

The antiplaque efficacy of two herbal-based toothpastes: A clinical intervention

“…It was found that Sudanese students had lower caries prevalence than Iraqi students. [ 27 30 ] This finding was similar to that of a study conducted in children from Saudi Arabia between ages 13 and 15 years and Western countries. [ 31 32 33 ]…”

Effectiveness of Propolis in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Updated Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

“…While the possibility of performing a quantitative analysis of the different parameters measured in the studies was considered, it was only possible to carry out the meta-analysis of probing depth assessment. Regarding the rest of the parameters assessed in the studies, the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) was evaluated in 2 of the studies [ 24 , 25 ] and the Gingival Index (GI) in another 2 [ 25 , 28 ]. Although gingival bleeding was measured in most of the studies, it was tested using different indices depending on the study, which created a disparity of clinical criteria for assessment and precluded the unification of data [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…Although gingival bleeding was measured in most of the studies, it was tested using different indices depending on the study, which created a disparity of clinical criteria for assessment and precluded the unification of data [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. As for plaque control, 4 studies tested it using the Plaque Index (PI) [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], although 2 of them [ 25 , 26 ] did not provide numerical data. Concerning clinical attachment level, although it was measured in 3 of the studies [ 21 , 22 , 28 ], that by Sparabombe and colleagues [ 22 ] did not explain the measurement criterion, which means that it was discordant with the measurement units used in the other 2 studies.…”