The Influence of Torrefaction Temperature on Hydrophobic Properties of Waste Biomass from Food Processing

Dyjakon, Arkadiusz; Noszczyk, Tomasz; Smędzik, Martyna

doi:10.3390/en12244609

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The impact of thermal processing on the physicochemical properties of many popular types of biomass is known. The studies about biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis [10][11][12][13][14][15] showed that the higher temperature of the biomass processing improves its thermal properties. The biochar is characterized by higher heating value, lower moisture content, lower volatile matter content, and improved hydrophobicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis

2021

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The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis

2021

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“…Hence, bioenergy is a tool to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural sector. A potential source of biomass is represented by the residues of wheat, spelt (Triticum ssp., L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) [4,5]. Indeed, the EU-28 produced yearly 152 Mt wheat and spelt [6], and chaff, a heterogeneous mixture of glumes, dust, short straw pieces, broken grain seeds, and weed seeds represents a potential biomass of 38 Mt year −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Innovative System for Maize Cob and Wheat Chaff Harvesting: Simultaneous Grain and Residues Collection

Bergonzoli¹,

Suardi²,

Rezaie³

et al. 2020

Energies

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Maize and wheat are two of the most widespread crops worldwide because of their high yield and importance for food, chemical purposes and livestock feed. Some of the residues of these crops (i.e., maize cob and wheat chaff) remain in the field after grain harvesting. In Europe, just maize cob and grain chaff could provide an annual potential biomass of 9.6 Mt and 54.8 Mt, respectively. Collecting such a biomass could be of interest for bioenergy production and could increase farmers’ income. Progress in harvest technology plays a key role in turning untapped by-products into valuable feedstocks. This article presents a study of the performance and the quality of the work of Harcob, an innovative system developed for maize cob collection. Furthermore, the feasibility of using the Harcob system to also harvest wheat chaff during wheat harvesting was also verified. The results showed that it was possible to harvest 1.72 t ha−1 and 0.67 t ha−1 of cob and chaff, respectively, without affecting the harvesting performance of the combine. The profit achievable from harvesting the corn cob was around 4%, while no significant economic benefits were observed during the harvesting of wheat chaff with the Harcob system. The use of cereal by-products for energy purposes may allow the reduction of CO2 from fossil fuel between 0.7 to 2.2 t CO2 ha−1. The Harcob system resulted suitable to harvest such different and high potential crop by-products and may represent a solution for farmers investing in the bioenergy production chain.

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“…Torrefaction is a process of thermal valorization of solid fuel in order to enhance its fuel properties subsequently allowing low-grade fuels, such as biomass, to become a tradable commodity [4]. It is a process that is considered to improve the logistics and handling of the upgraded fuel [5][6][7][8][9][10] and make it more suitable for final use, such as co-firing [11][12][13] or gasification [14][15][16]. Torrefaction is 2 of 19 sometimes called slow pyrolysis and it typically takes place at temperatures between 250 • C and 300 • C with residence times ranging between 10 min and 60 min [4,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Torrefaction and Pelletizing of Sawdust on the Design Parameters of a Fixed Bed Gasifier

et al. 2020

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Gasification of biomass in fixed bed gasifiers is a well-known technology, with its origins dating back to the beginning of 20th century. It is a technology with good prospects, in terms of small scale, decentralized power co-generation. However, the understanding of the process is still not fully developed. Therefore, assessment of the changes in the design of a gasifier is typically performed with extensive prototyping stage, thus introducing significant cost. This study presents experimental results of gasification of a single pellet and bed of particles of raw and torrefied wood. The procedure can be used for obtaining design parameters of a fixed bed gasifier. Results of two suits of experiments, namely pyrolysis and CO2 gasification are presented. Moreover, results of pyrolysis of pellets are compared against a numerical model, developed for thermally thick particles. Pyrolysis time, predicted by model, was in good agreement with experimental results, despite some differences in the time when half of the initial mass was converted. Conversion times for CO2 gasification were much longer, despite higher temperature of the process, indicating importance of the reduction reactions. Overall, the obtained results could be helpful in developing a complete model of gasification of thermally thick particles in a fixed bed.

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The Influence of Torrefaction Temperature on Hydrophobic Properties of Waste Biomass from Food Processing

Cited by 47 publications

References 54 publications

Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis

Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis

An Innovative System for Maize Cob and Wheat Chaff Harvesting: Simultaneous Grain and Residues Collection

Influence of Torrefaction and Pelletizing of Sawdust on the Design Parameters of a Fixed Bed Gasifier

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