“…Technology with its fast-moving pace has pervaded the educational aspects in recent years ( Garrison and Akyol, 2009 ; Hung et al, 2010 ), thus enabling students’ self-initiated, self-constructed, and self-monitored learning experiences in a newly-constructed technology-based ecology of language learning ( Lai and Gu, 2011 ; Reinders and White, 2011 ). Online learning, E-learning, M-learning and other informal technological learning approaches provide students with more chances to explore self-directed learning ways ( King and He, 2006 ; Zandi et al, 2014 ; Hsu, 2016 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Pan, 2020 ). However, in spite of the booming attention and development on technological teaching approaches in educational landscapes, the enthusiasm and motivation of students to conduct technology-based self-directed language learning need further exploring ( Lai et al, 2018 ).…”