The Influence of Water Vapor on the Stability and Processing of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Made from Non‐Stoichiometric Precursor Mixtures

Petrus, Michiel L.; Hu, Yinghong; Moia, Davide; Calado, Philip; Leguy, Aurélien M. A.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; Docampo, Pablo

doi:10.1002/cssc.201600999

Cited by 84 publications

(109 citation statements)

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“…Under these harsh conditions, our pristine layered MASI films partly recrystallized to the zero-dimensional phase after 10 h. In the course of further tracing the phase transition, we found a complete transformation to the dimer phase after 50 h. Further continuous moisture exposure for one week results in an oxidized antimony-containing phase as confirmed via energy dispersive X-ray analysis, shown in the SI. The observed instability towards moisture of the MASI compound is much less pronounced than that of MAPbI 3 [13]. Studies with much thinner 2D-MASI films obtained from EtOH show that the sensitivity towards moisture becomes more evident, indicating a strong influence of morphology on stability (see SI).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These exceptional material properties originate from a combination of high crystal symmetry, the chemistry of the Pb 6s 2 lone-pair states and the ionic nature of the structure with large atomic sizes [9]. However, the toxicity of lead together with the instability of this and related perovskite compounds towards moisture and high temperature limit the commercialization of lead-based perovskite solar cells [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*

2020

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The presence of lead in novel hybrid perovskite-based solar cells remains a significant issue regarding commercial applications. Therefore, antimony-based perovskite-like A 3 M 2 X 9 structures are promising new candidates for low toxicity photovoltaic applications. So far, MA 3 Sb 2 I 9 was reported to only crystallize in the 'zero-dimensional' (0D) dimer structure with wide indirect bandgap properties. However, the formation of the 2D layered polymorph is more suitable for solar cell applications due to its expected direct and narrow bandgap. Here, we demonstrate the first synthesis of phase pure 2D layered MA 3 Sb 2 I 9 , based on antimony acetate dissolved in alcoholic solvents. Using in situ XRD methods, we confirm the stability of the layered phase towards high temperature, but the exposure to 75% relative humidity for several hours leads to a rearrangement of the phase with partial formation of the 0D structure. We investigated the electronic band structure and confirmed experimentally the presence of a semi-direct bandgap at around 2.1 eV. Our work shows that careful control of nucleation via processing conditions can provide access to promising perovskite-like phases for photovoltaic applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*

2020

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“…[45,223] Petrus et al have recently investigated the influence of moisture on MAPbI 3 films and solar cells derived from nonstoichiometric precursor mixtures. [101] They followed both the structural changes under controlled air humidity (Figure 13) through in situ X-ray diffraction, and the electronic behavior of devices prepared from these films. The results showed that a small excess of PbI 2 in the films improved the stability of the perovskite compared to stoichiometric samples.…”

Section: Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…The reason for that is still unclear but might be associated with the uncompleted conversion of the precursors into perovskite using the two‐step methodology. In fact, Petrus et al prepared CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films in an analogous way and the authors used the sequential deposition method to study the stability of these samples. In both cases, the incomplete conversion of PbI 2 into the perovskite phase led to a residual PbI 2 interlayer between TiO 2 and perovskite, which was reported to accelerate the film degradation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As demonstrated by Petrus et. al., the preferred orientation of the 2D structures is fundamental for charge collection; thus, more controlled deposition is required using the protocol described herein …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ 2D Perovskite Formation and the Impact of the 2D/3D Structures on Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2019

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Hybrid organic and inorganic perovskite solar cells lack long‐term stability, and this negatively impacts the widespread application of this emerging and promising photovoltaic technology. Herein, aiming to increase the stability of perovskite films based on CH3NH3PbI3 and to deeply understand the formation of 2D structures, solutions of alkylammonium chlorides containing 8, 10, and 12 carbons are introduced during the spin‐coating on the surface of 3D perovskite films leading to the in situ formation of 2D structures. It is possible to identify the chemical formulae of some 2D structures formed by X‐ray diffraction and UV–vis analysis of the modified films. Interestingly, the increase in the stability of the CH3NH3PbI3 films due to the formation of a 2D + 3D perovskite network is only possible in planar TiO2 substrates. The increase in stability of the CH3NH3PbI3 films follows the surfactant molecule order: octylammonium (8C) > decylammonium (1 °C) > dodecylammonium (12C) chlorides > standard. An increase of 17.6% in the lifetime of the devices assembled with octylammonium‐modified perovskite film is observed compared with that of the standard device, which is directly linked to the improvement of the charge carrier lifetimes obtained from time‐correlated single photon counting measurements.

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The Influence of Water Vapor on the Stability and Processing of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Made from Non‐Stoichiometric Precursor Mixtures

Cited by 84 publications

References 47 publications

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

In Situ 2D Perovskite Formation and the Impact of the 2D/3D Structures on Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

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The Influence of Water Vapor on the Stability and Processing of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Made from Non‐Stoichiometric Precursor Mixtures

Cited by 84 publications

References 47 publications

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells*

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells*

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

In Situ 2D Perovskite Formation and the Impact of the 2D/3D Structures on Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

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Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*

Formation of stable 2D methylammonium antimony iodide phase for lead-free perovskite-like solar cells^*