The Inhalation Toxicity of Dimethylformamide (DMF)

Clayton, J. W.; Barnes, John; Hood, Dorothy B.; Schepers, G. W. H.

doi:10.1080/00028896309342942

Cited by 47 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Medical case reports and epidemiological studies on the health of DMF-exposed workers revealed that the liver was primarily damaged together with various complaints, alcohol intolerance and the release of liver cytolytic enzymes into the plasma 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . Experimental toxicology of DMF demonstrated that the primary liver lesion was characterized by necrosis, degeneration, hepatocellular hypertrophy, mitotic figures and altered serum activities of liver enzymes [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . Inhalation and dermal exposures to DMF are principal routes for workers, because DMF is very volatile and permeable through the skin 7,9,21,22) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity due to 2‐ and 13‐wk Inhalation Exposures of Rats and Mice to N, N‐Dimethylformamide

Senoh

Katagiri

Arito

et al. 2003

Journal of Occupational Health

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Toxicity due to 2-and 13-wk Inhalation E x p o s u r e s o f R a t s a n d M i c e t o N , NDimethylformamide: Hideki SENOH, et al. Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association-In order to better characterize the toxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and to provide its basic toxicity data for risk assessment of workers exposed to DMF, F344 rats and BDF 1 mice of both sexes were exposed by inhalation (6 h/d × 5 d/wk) to 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1,600 ppm DMF for 2 wk, and 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 ppm DMF for 13 wk. Three male and 7 female rats died during the 2-wk exposure to 1,600 ppm DMF, but no death of the exposed rats or mice occurred under any other exposure conditions. Massive, focal and single cell necroses were observed in the liver of DMF-exposed rats and mice. The massive necrosis associated with the centrilobular fibrosis occurred at the highest exposure concentration. The single cell necrosis was associated with fragmentation of the nucleoli as well as an increased mitotic figure. The 13-wk exposures of rats and mice to DMF were characterized by increases in the relative liver weight and the incidence of the centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy as well as increased serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH, total cholesterol and phospholipid. Lower confidence limits of the benchmark dose yielding the response with a 10% extra risk (BMDL 10 ) were determined for the relative liver weight and the incidence of hepatocellular hypertrophy of the 13-wk exposed animals. The BMDL 10 resulted in 1 ppm for the increased relative liver weight of male rats and mice and 17 ppm for the hepatocellular hypertrophy of male mice. (J Occup Health 2003; 45: 365-375)

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confidence: 99%

Toxicity due to 2‐ and 13‐wk Inhalation Exposures of Rats and Mice to N, N‐Dimethylformamide

Senoh

Katagiri

Arito

et al. 2003

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…Evidence of effects of dimethylformamide on the central nervous system have been seen in several studies of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the substance (Clayton et al 1963, Massmann 1956a) (see also IPCS 1991, pp 64 and 65); the results did not suggest that dimethylformamide has neurotoxic or behavioural toxic effects.…”

Section: Other Effectsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…When the rats from the 91 ml/m 3 group were exposed for 30 minutes to 841 ml/m 3 immediately after the tenth exposure to 91 ml/m 3 , the liver weights were increased more than in the group exposed ten times to 1104 ml/m 3 (Clayton et al 1963). In other inhalation studies in which rats were exposed 8 hours daily for 4 weeks to a dimethylformamide concentration of 200 ml/m 3 , 3-week old animals proved to be more sensitive to the liver damage produced by the substance than were 4-week, 5-week, 6-week or 12-week old animals.…”

Section: Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histological examination demonstrated changes in the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenals and thymus and in the dogs also in the heart muscle. However, in the description of circulatory parameters and the highly schematic account of the histological findings, there is no comparison with untreated control animals (Clayton et al 1963).…”

Section: Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity 321 Inhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dimethylformamide [MAK Value Documentation, 1997]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Published in the series Occupational Toxicants , Vol. 8 (1997) The article contains sections titled: Toxic Effects and Modes of Action Pharmacokinetics Effects in Man Effects on Animals Acute and subacute toxicity Subchronic and chronic toxicity Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Genotoxicity Microbial test systems Mammalian cell cultures In vivo Carcinogenicity Other Effects Manifesto (MAK value, classification)

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“…The main organs affected after acute or chronic exposure are the liver and the upper gastrointestinal tract [Massman, 1956;Tolot et al, 1958;Reinl and Urban, 1965;Tolot et al, 1968;Di Lorenzo and Grazioli, 1972;Potter, 1973;Fiorito et al, 1979;Scailteur and Lauwerys, 1987;Kennedy, 1986;Redlich et al, 1988]. Experimental studies on rats, rabbits, and mice have shown leukocyte infiltration and centrolobular necrosis in the liver after acute or subacute administration [Massman, 1956;Clayton et al, 1963;Kutsche, 1965;Mathew et al, 1980;Lunberg et al, 1981]. In all species, the severity of the liver lesion is directly related to dose [Graig et al, 1984].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%