“…Under the basal epithelium, the resident mast cells, NK cells, Ly6C − macrophages, and 𝛾𝛿T cells function as sentinels to sense UPEC infection, and neutrophils and Ly6C + macrophages are further recruited into the bladder to eliminate the bacteria. [17,23,[31][32][33][34][35] ILCs play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens in other barrier tissues, such as the gut, lung, and skin, [12,13] and it has been reported that CD4 + ILC3 levels are increased in the bladder of UPEC-infected mice. [36] However, whether bladder-resident ILCs respond to UPEC infection, and whether ILC3s play a crucial role in defending against UPEC during an infection, remain to be determined.…”