The study aims to improve the performance of the thermal power generation system in power plants by analyzing its working principle. The thermal power generation system of large power plants is taken as the research object. The Fluent software is used for simulation experiments. A new optimization method of the rotor structure in the electronic heat absorption equipment and heat exchange pipeline is proposed. By improving the rotor, the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchange pipeline is greatly improved. Through the relevant research on the thermal power generation system, the rotor's heat transfer performance of the exchange tube is analyzed based on the strong heat transfer convection mechanism. Then the simulation experiment is carried out. Based on the heat transfer mechanism of the combined rotor in the tube path unit, the heat transfer pipe is optimized. The numerical simulation results of rotor heat transfer and fluid flow show that the average resource utilization rate increases with time. The average resource utilization efficiency of the system reaches more than 70% in 45 ms. When the pipe size is 100 mm, the performance of the resistance coefficient is 3.6 before improvement and 2.8 after improvement. When iteration times are 200, the rotor heat transfer of four kinds of pipes reaches the maximum, and the rotor heat transfer of No. 1 pipe with the size of 22 mm can reach 10000W. The research demonstrates the superiority of the proposed heat exchange tube, which provides a theoretical reference for optimizing the heat transfer tube and the efficiency of the thermal power generation system.