The Initiation Factors

Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles.

“…Additional stimulatory proteins have been purified from extracts of eucaryotic cells (179,290) although their functional significance is not yet clear. Recent reviews by Hershey (180,181) and Maitra et al (290) summarize the biochemical properties of the traditional initiation factors and provide insights into their functions. The factors purified from rabbit reticulocyte lysates have been studied most exhaustively and are used herein to exemplify those of eucaryotes.…”

“…Bacterial component IF-3, for example, binds to phage mRNA (209), but the preformed complex of IF-3 and coliphage MS2 RNA was inert when subsequently tested for translation in the presence of anti-IF-3 antibodies (553). Several eucaryotic initiation faetors also bind to mRNA, including eIF-2 (216) and eIF-3 (182,512); however, neither of those interactions is specific for mRNA (70,181,512). Recent studies revealed that reticulocyte factors eIF-4A and eIF-4B bind to mRNA, as assayed by retention of labeled mRNA on a nitrocellulose ifiter (158,418).…”

8. A Cognitive-Process Analysis of Taxpayer Compliance

“…These phenomena appear to violate the utility-maximizing model. Errors and biases have accumulated over the years such as the Allais Paradox, certainty effects, a confusing empirical literature on risk preferences, and preference reversals induced by trivial shifts in wording (Hershey et al, 1982;Hershey and Schoemaker, 1985;Hogarth, 1980). Prospect…”

“…This simplification has been very useful for disproving the economic utility model since, presumably, human performance would deteriorate even further in more ambiguous and complex contexts. However, if our goal is to understand and model actual decisions rather than to disprove the utility model, we must recognize that such changes and simplifications in problems can have serious impact on results (Hershey et al, 1982;Payne, 1982). Changes in the way information is presented (e.g., graphs vs. numbers), the order of presentation, the context or wording of questions, all have been shown to affect decisions.…”