The innate and adaptive immune response to avian influenza virus

Vervelde, Lonneke; Kapczynski, Darrell R.

doi:10.1002/9781118924341.ch6

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Because the virus can harm the host so quickly and has evolved to modulate the host’s innate immune response, the virus is challenging for the immune system to combat. AIV also exhibits a high mutation frequency and the capacity to rearrange gene segments, which enable the virus to quickly change its antigenic makeup and escape the immune system’s adaptive response [ 167 ].…”

Section: Immune Response To Avian Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, no single innate component, cell or pathway contributes to the infection’s cause, since so many different reactions and components go into fighting influenza. Hence, future studies on innate responses will not only advance our fundamental knowledge of disease resistance but also facilitate intervention approaches to increase the early protection against viral entry and spread, as well as the initiation and intensity of adaptive immunological responses [ 167 ].…”

Section: Immune Response To Avian Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune Control of Avian Influenza Virus Infection and Its Vaccine Development

et al. 2023

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The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, have the potential to infect humans, causing an acute influenza disease syndrome in humans, and are a possible pandemic threat. AIV H5N1 is highly pathogenic, whereas AIV H7N9 has comparatively low pathogenicity. A clear insight into the disease pathogenesis is significant to understand the host’s immunological response, which in turn facilitates the design of the control and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to provide comprehensive details on the pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease. Moreover, the innate and adaptive immunological responses to AIV and the recent studies conducted on the CD8+ T cell immunity against AIVs are detailed upon. Further, the current status and advancement in the development of AIV vaccines, along with the challenges, are also discussed. The information provided will be helpful in combating the transmission of AIV from birds to humans and, thus, preventing severe outbreaks leading to pandemics worldwide.

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Section: Immune Response To Avian Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Response To Avian Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Control of Avian Influenza Virus Infection and Its Vaccine Development

et al. 2023

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“…Early responses against viral infections are pre-dominantly mediated by host innate immunity. Increased expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines are generally observed during the early stages of an AIV infection [13]. PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MDA-5, sense viral RNAs and initiate an inflammatory response by releasing proinflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AIV can also stimulate cell death or apoptosis, which acts as a host-defense mechanism to inhibit viral replication in host cells, and is mediated by the enzymes, Caspase-3 (Casp-3) and Caspase-8 (Casp-8) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The expression of these innate immune modulators drastically varies by virus strain, host, and target tissue making our understanding of the immune response to AIV incomplete [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antigen presenting cells (APC) are crucial components of the primary immune response against pathogens and help the bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional APCs, that play a central role as regulators of the adaptive immune response by interacting with T and B cells [13]. In the case of mammals, DCs and macrophages are usually within proximity of each other, which enables them to form a network capable of rapidly countering foreign antigens and react against inflammatory stimuli [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphologic characterization and cytokine response of chicken bone-marrow derived dendritic cells to infection with high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus

Mo,

Segovia,

Chrzastek

et al. 2024

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, which are key components of the immune system and involved in the early immune response. DCs are specialized in capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to facilitate immune interactions. Chickens infected with avian influenza virus (AIV) demonstrate a wide range of clinical symptoms, based on pathogenicity of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses typically induce mild clinical signs, whereas high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) induce more severe disease, which can lead to death within days. For this study, chicken bone marrow-derived DC (ckBM-DC)s were produced and infected with high and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of H5N2 or H7N3 subtypes to characterize innate immune responses, study effect on cell morphology, and evaluate virus replication. A strong proinflammatory response, including chicken interleukin-1β, and stimulation of the interferon response pathway were observed at 8 hours post infection. Microscopically, the DCs underwent morphological changes from classic elongated dendrites to a more general rounded shape that eventually lead to cell death with the presence of scattered cellular debris. Differences in onset of morphologic changes were observed between H5 and H7 subtypes. Increases in viral titers demonstrated that both HPAI and LPAI are capable of infecting and replicating in DCs. The elevated expression of infected DCs may be indicative with a dysregulation of the immune response typically seen with HPAI infections.

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The innate and adaptive immune response to avian influenza virus

Cited by 2 publications

References 131 publications

Immune Control of Avian Influenza Virus Infection and Its Vaccine Development

Immune Control of Avian Influenza Virus Infection and Its Vaccine Development

Morphologic characterization and cytokine response of chicken bone-marrow derived dendritic cells to infection with high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus

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