The input of microorganisms to the cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic waste

Abstract

<abstract> <p>Lignocellulosic crop waste is the world's most abundant renewable raw material. Its burning leads to the loss of an energy valuable resource and causes enormous environmental damage. An environmentally friendly and promising biotechnological process for such waste utilization is the production of mushrooms for food and medicine. However, the energy intensity of substrate preparation hinders the development of work in this direction. Another significant challenge in this field is to increase the biological efficiency of substrate processing. The purpose of our investigation was to reveal the contribution of microorganisms to solving this and other problems of mushroom cultivation based on a review of the latest scientific research on the topic. The literature from databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science was selected by various combinations of search queries concerning mushrooms, substrates, microbial communities, and their effects. The current state of the issue of mushrooms and microorganisms' interactions is presented. The review considers in detail the contribution of microorganisms to the substrate preparation, describes microbial communities in various phases of the mushroom cultivation process, and identifies the main groups of microorganisms associated with lignocellulose degradation, mushroom growth promotion, and protection against pathogens. The significant contribution of bacteria to mushroom cultivation is shown. The review demonstrates that the contribution of bacteria to lignin degradation in lignocellulosic substrates during mushroom cultivation is largely underestimated. In this process, various genera of the bacterial phyla <italic>Bacillota</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonadota</italic>, and <italic>Actinomycetota</italic> are involved. The correct combinations of microorganisms can provide controllability of the entire cultivation process and increase required indicators. However, expanding research in this direction is necessary to remove gaps in understanding the relationship between microorganisms and mushrooms.</p> </abstract>

The Microbiomes of Various Types of Abandoned Fallow Soils of South Taiga (Novgorod Region, Russian North-West)

“…Thus, there was an evident trend in the increasing of Bacillota in all anthropogenically affected soils in comparison with the mature one. This is consistent with the findings that Bacillota appeared after the initial stage of lignocellulose decomposition [40]. The highest portion of Thermoproteota was in plaggen soils, which well corresponds with data on a high content of this group of microorganisms in fertile black soils of central Europe [41].…”

Isolation and Selection of Cellulolytic Bacteria and Antagonists of Spoiling Micromycetes From Cellulose-Containing Substrates

“…Moreover, mushroom production can be environmentally friendly and efficient in terms of land use. Mushroom cultivation can be carried out on a wide range of lignocellulosic agricultural waste [8], which can help reduce the amount of waste and the negative impact on the environment. In general, mushroom production is a promising direction for the development of not only agriculture, but also medicine, food and cosmetic industries, as well as ecology.…”

“…To ensure the stable growth of mushrooms, appropriate pretreatment of the substrate is required, aimed at suppressing the growth of contaminating micromycetes [8,9]. One of the most promising solutions to this problem is the use of microorganisms that exhibit both cellulolytic and antagonistic activity.…”

“…Более того, производство грибов может быть экологически безопасным и эффективным с точки зрения использования земельных ресурсов. Выращивание грибов может осуществляться на широком спектре лигноцеллюлозных отходов сельского хозяйства [8], что может способствовать снижению количества отходов и уменьшению негативного влияния на окружающую среду. В целом, производство высших грибов является перспективным направлением развития не только сельского хозяйства, но и медицины, пищевой и косметической промышленности, а также экологии.…”

“…Для обеспечения устойчивого роста высших грибов необходима соответствующая предподготовка субстрата, направленная на подавление роста засоряющих микромицетов [8,9]. Одним из наиболее перспективных решений этой проблемы является применение микроорганизмов, проявляющих одновременно целлюлолитическую и антагонистическую активность.…”