<abstract> <p>Lignocellulosic crop waste is the world's most abundant renewable raw material. Its burning leads to the loss of an energy valuable resource and causes enormous environmental damage. An environmentally friendly and promising biotechnological process for such waste utilization is the production of mushrooms for food and medicine. However, the energy intensity of substrate preparation hinders the development of work in this direction. Another significant challenge in this field is to increase the biological efficiency of substrate processing. The purpose of our investigation was to reveal the contribution of microorganisms to solving this and other problems of mushroom cultivation based on a review of the latest scientific research on the topic. The literature from databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science was selected by various combinations of search queries concerning mushrooms, substrates, microbial communities, and their effects. The current state of the issue of mushrooms and microorganisms' interactions is presented. The review considers in detail the contribution of microorganisms to the substrate preparation, describes microbial communities in various phases of the mushroom cultivation process, and identifies the main groups of microorganisms associated with lignocellulose degradation, mushroom growth promotion, and protection against pathogens. The significant contribution of bacteria to mushroom cultivation is shown. The review demonstrates that the contribution of bacteria to lignin degradation in lignocellulosic substrates during mushroom cultivation is largely underestimated. In this process, various genera of the bacterial phyla <italic>Bacillota</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonadota</italic>, and <italic>Actinomycetota</italic> are involved. The correct combinations of microorganisms can provide controllability of the entire cultivation process and increase required indicators. However, expanding research in this direction is necessary to remove gaps in understanding the relationship between microorganisms and mushrooms.</p> </abstract>

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A bioconversion of plant cellulose-containing wastes (wheat and rice straw and etc.) was developed with cellulolytic bacteria Bacillus cytaseus. The process was carried out by solid state fermentation with oxygen hypossia, including the mixed type fermentation of carbohydrates. The application of a fermented product as a biomeliorant for agriculture is more effective than the traditional use of crop wastes.

Oil and oil products adversely affect both the biodiversity of the microorganisms and the soil function. In oil-contaminated soils, unique bacterial communities develop that are adapted to pollution. In this work, the bacterial structure and diversity of the microbial community have been studied in samples of oil-contaminated soils in Kazakhstan deposits using the Illumina MiSeq sequencer. The results of the study showed that the representatives of the following bacterial phyla dominated in the selected soil samples: Proteobacteria, prevailing in oil-contaminated soils (up to 48%), Actinobacteria (up to 29.33%), Firmicutes (up to 25.74%), Bacteroidetes (up to 33.28 %). The representatives of Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi (0.76%-4.62%) phyla were found in smaller amounts. All the uncontaminated soils were dominated by Micrococcaceae, Flexibacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Flavobacteriaceae families, contaminated ones – by Halomonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Dietziaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Anaerolinaceae, Mycobacteriaceae and Peptococcaceae families. At the genus level, samples of uncontaminated and contaminated soils also demonstrated significant diversity. The dominant bacterial genera in the samples of the uncontaminated soil were Hymenobacter, Arthrobacter, Gillisia. In contaminated soils of three deposits the microorganisms of the Halomonas, Marinobacter, Pseudomonas (mostly in 2KO soil sample), Bellilinea and Mycobacterium (mostly Md sample) genera were spread more widely; and a very large population of the microorganisms of the Halomonas genus was found in the contaminated soil sample from the Atyrau region. A comparison of the taxonomic structure of microbial communities of oil-contaminated soils indicates that the composition of the microbial population changes depending on the degree of oil pollution. Samples of uncontaminated background soils were characterized by higher bacterial diversity than samples of contaminated soils. The microorganisms belonging to the dominant phyla were mostly associated with the decomposition of oil hydrocarbons. The characterization of the bacterial communities living in the contaminated soils and the assessment of their ability to decompose oil can potentially be a guide for bioremediation of contaminated soils.

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