“…The focus of the articles in the first category groupings on case studies and examples of hospitals and healthcare institutions that have implemented lean to improve their operational efficiency in terms of waste reduction, quality and flexibility (Alolayyan et al, 2013;Black and Miller, 2008;Colling and Muthusame, 2007;Grunden, 2009;Joosten et al, 2009;Kovach et al, 2008;Kumar et al, 2013;Mandahawi et al, 2011;Mazur et al, 2012;Salah et al, 2010;Sinimole, 2012;Sobeck and Lang, 2010;Sweis et al, 2012). The second category of articles deal with health information technology (HIT) and their impact on quality, efficiency, and costs (Ash et al, 2004;Bian et al, 2012;Blumenthal, 2009;Busch, 2011;Lemire, 2010;Meulendijks et al, 2012;Miriovsky et al, 2012).…”